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AUTHOR: 


KNAPP,  CHARLES 


TITLE: 


TRAVEL  IN  ANCIENT 
TIMES  AS  SEEN  IN... 

PLACE: 

CHICAGO 

DA  TE : 

1907 


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MRNUFfiCTURED   TO  fillM   STONDRRDS 
BY  fiPPLIED  IMRGE,    INC. 


Travel  in  Ancient  Times  as  seen  in 

Plautus  and  Terence 


By  CHARLES  KNAPP 


Reprinted  from 
Classical  Philology,  Vol.  II,  Nos.  i  and  3,  January  and  Julv,  1907 


PUBLISHED  BY 
THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO  PRESS,  CHICAGO 

Foreign  Agents:    LontUn:  Dayid  Svtt',  Leipzig:  Otto  HAiHAnowtrz 


«i 


* 


Classical  Philology 


Vol.  II 


January,  igoy 


No.  I 


TRAVEL  IN  ANCIENT  TIMES  AS  SEEN  IN  PLAUTUS 

AND  TERENCE.^     I 

By  Charles  Knapp 

The  purpose  of  this  paper  is  to  gather  together  all  that  the 
plays  of  Plautus  and  Terence  can  teach  us  concerning  travel  in 
ancient  times,  particularly  in  the  time  of  Menander,  Philemon, 
and  Diphilos,  that  is,  the  time  of  the  originals  on  which  the  plays 
of  Plautus  and  Terence  were  based.  It  is  hoped  that  the  paper 
will  itself  be  ample  justitication  of  its  existence.  If,  however, 
further  warranty  is  needed,  we  may  find  it  in  the  words  of  a 
weighty  authority: 

Was  uns  gleichfalls  uoch  iinmer  fehlt,  ist  eine  Geschichte  des  Reisens 
im  Altertum  (fiir  die  Kaiserzeit  liegt  da  freilich  die  treffliche  Behandlung 
in  Friedlauders  Darstellungen  aus  der  Sittengeschiehte  vor)  und  im 
Zusammenhang  damit  eine  ueue  Arbeit  tiber  die  Fuhrwerke  der  Alten: 
denn  seit  dem  langst  autiquierten  Buche  von  Ginzrot(vom  Jahre  1817!) 
ist  dieser  Gegenstand  ausfiihrlich  nicht  mehr  behandelt  worden,  so  sehr 
sich  das  bildliche  Quellenmaterial  daftir  seither  vermehrt  hat.'' 

I  shall  begin  by  discussing  Plautine  and  Terentian  geography, 
its  extent,  its  accuracy  or  inaccuracy;  I  shall  then  consider  all 
references  to  travel  from  point  to  point,  assembling  them  into  a 
few  clearly  defined  groups;    lastly,  I  shall  take  up  a  number  of 

» This  paper  was  presented  at  a  meeting  of  the  Classical  Association  of  the  Middle 
West  and  South,  at  St.  Louis,  May  4,  1906. 

«So  H.  Blumner  in  Kroll's  Die  Altertumswissenschaft  im  letzten  Vierfeljahrhun- 
dert,  p.  370,  in  his  review  of  the  progress  made  between  1875  and  1900  in  our  knowledge 
of  the  private  life  of  the  Greeks  and  the  Romans. 
[Classical  Philology  II,  January,  1907]    1 


2  Charles  Knapp 

related  topics,  such  as  the  reception  accorded  to  travelers  on  their 
return  home,  their  costume,  baggage,  etc. 

Much  is  to  be  learned  by  determining  the  places  at  which  the 
plays  are  supposed  to  be  laid.  All  of  Terence's  plays  are  laid  at 
Athens.  Athens  is  the  scene  in  twelve  plays  of  Plautus;  the 
others  (I  exclude  the  fragmentary  Vidularki)  are  laid  at  Thebes, 
Aetolia  (no  city  is  named),  Sicyon,  Epidaurus,  Epidamnus,  Ephe- 
sus,  Oalydon,  Cyrene.  Here  we  liave  illusions  to  all  quarters  of 
the  ancient  world,  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa.  That  Athens  was 
thought  of  as  the  natural  scene  of  the  comedies  is  clear  from  the 
pfologne  to'  the  Menmmkm  7-12*'  For  certain  well-known  reasons 
the  fahnlae  pallkdm  must  bear  plainly  the  marks  of  their  Greek 
origin:  what  place  was  more  Greek  than  Athens?^ 

We  nay  pass  now  to  details  and  assemble  the  evidence  by 
which  we  ll  tie  sites  of  the  individual  plays.  We  shall  consider 
irst  all  plays  whose  action  is  8upix)sed  to  take  place  at  Athens. 

For  tie  Asifmrm  we  have  decisive  evidence  in  491,  492.  In 
792,  TiS,  Diabolus  desires  thai  Kiilaeniiiia  nee  ulla  lingua  sciat 
loqui  nisi  Attica.  Since  in  the  Poenuhis  a  Carthaginian  talks 
Pmnim  at  Calydon  (930-49.  982,  995,  112),  these  verses  would 
ttnl  pmr  If  prove  that  the  AMmmrm  is  laid  at  Athens,  but  they 
must  be  interpreted  III  lll«  light  of  491,  492.  For  the  Aidularia 
808-10.  In  Bacchides  235,  236  Nicobulus  says:  ibo  in 
null  iAmm  ecquaen  advenerit  in  portum  ....  navis.  For 
the  C(mina  the  direct  evidence  is  not  strong.  Verses  80-83 
rf  tii#  prologue  (manifestly  post-Plautine)  run  thus:  quam 
servi  summa  vi  sibi  uxorem  expetunt,  ea  invenietur  et  pudica  et 
libera,  ingenua  Atheiiiensis.  By  themselves  these  verses  give 
little  help;  in  the  Miles  an  ingenua  Atheniensis  is  resident  at 
Ephesus,  in  the  Budens  another  is  at  Cyrene.  In  the  Rudens^ 
again,  Daemones  and  Plesidippus  are  Athenians,  though  now  resi- 
dents of  Cyrene  (35,  42).  Still,  there  is  jwint  to  Cas.  651,  652 
only  if  the  play  is  laid  at  Athens.     Arg.  6,  not  in  itself  illuminat- 

1  Considerations  of  space  make  it  impossible  to  cite  all  passages  in  extenso; 
readers  of  this  paper  will  of  course  have  a  copy  of  Plautus  at  hand.  For  convenience 
I  have  followed  Lindsay's  text  (1904,  1905). 

2  In  Poe.  372  an  Attic  citizen  is  to  be  made  of  a  woman  freed  at  Oalydon  (liitt  tiie 
tone  is  that  of  burlesque). 


Tbavel  in  Ancient  Times  3 

ing,  derives  light  from  Terence's  practice.^     For  the  Epidicus  see 
306,  307,  501,  502,  602,  26.     In  448  some  see  in  Platenius  a 
reference  to  an  Attic  deme.     For  the  Mercafor  we  have  sure 
indications  in  836,  837,  944,  945.     The  fine  narrative  in  46-91 
contains   allusions  to  youthful  visits   by   the  Mercator's  father 
(to    Athens)  to  see  the  peplus  at  the  Panathenaic  festival.     It 
contains   also   the   technical   Athenian    word   ephrhns^     Verses 
635-38,  not  clear  in  themselves,  are  illuminated  by  those  named 
above.     For  the  Mostellaria  see  66,  67 :  ego  ire  in  Piraeum  volo, 
30,  1072.     For  the  Persa  see  151.     In  549-54  Sagaristio  asks 
the  vtrgo,  who  is  supposed  to  be  newly  come  from  Persia,  what  she 
thinks  of  Athens.     Verses  474,  475,  390-96  are  now  of  value  for 
us;   in  390  ff.  Saturio  tells  his  daughter  that  he  has  a  fine  dos  to 
give  her,  a  librorum  plenum  soracum,  containing  sescenti  logei 
atque  Attici  omnes.     For  the  Psendolus  see  201,  202,  270,  339, 
415-17,  620,  730,  731  (here  Charinus  offers  to  put  at  Pseudolus' 
disposal  a  slave,  qui  a  patre  advenit  Carysto  necdum  exit  ex  aedi- 
bus  quoquam  neque  Athenas  advenit  umquam  ante  hesternum 
diem ) .     For  the  Siich  us  see  446-48,  649,  650,  669,  670.     For  the 
TrmMm/wMs  see  1103,  1104:  curre  in  Piraeum  ....  videbis  iam 
illic  navem  qua  advecti  sumus.     For  the  Trucuhntus   see  497: 
nunc  ....  Athenas  Atticas  viso,  91,  prologue  1-3,  10,  11. 

For  the  Andria  qL  906,  907:  Andrium  ego  Critone'm  video? 
....  quid  tu  Athenas  insolens?  For  the  Eunuchus  see  107-10, 
114,  115  (the  girl  was  stolen  ex  Attica  hinc,  e  Sunio).  At  289,' 
290  Parmeno  says:  video  erilem  filium  minorem  hue  advenire! 
miror  quid  ex  Piraeo  abierit,  nam  ibi  custos  publice  est  nunc; 
cf.  also  539,  540.  In  519  Chremes  explains  that  Thais  had  asked 
him  whether  he  had  rus  ....  ecquod  8uni  et  quam  longe  a 
man.  Vs.  1093,  in  itself  not  conclusive,  now  becomes  pertinent. 
In  824  Chaerea  is  called  ephehus:  vss.  289,  290,  cited  above,  show 

» Leo,  Plautinische  Forschungen,  pp.  198, 199,  notes  that  the  Greek  writers  took  no 
pains  to  indicate  the  site  of  their  plays  when  that  site  was  Athens.  But  when  the  play 
was  laid  elsewhere  care  is  taken  early  in  the  play  to  make  its  location  clear.  In  Plan- 
tus,  however,  aside  from  the  prologues,  the  evidence  in  general  comes  rather  late  in  the 
GrTek  ''''^  ^  ^'*^''*'''^  ^^^  ^^^'*'^'  P-  *'  ^- 1>  *«'  »«  '^"gtit  be  expected,  thoroughly 

w 

*  See  below,  p.  14. 


i'i 


Charles  Knapp 


Ihat   we   must  take  this  term  in  its  technical  Athenian  sense.' 

For  the  Hecyra  see  86  ff. 

We  may  consider  now  plays  laid  in  places  other  than  Athens. 
For  varying  sites  of  plays  cf.  Men.  72-76:  haec  urbs  Epidamnus 
est  dum  haec  agitur  fabula:  quando  alia  agetur  aliud  fiet  oppidum, 
etc.  The  Amphitriio  is  laid  at  Thebes:  cf.  190,  194,  259,  363, 
865,  376,  676-78,  1046,  frag,  xvi,  97,  101.  The  Captivi  is 
set  in  Aetolia  (no  town  is  named);  at  93  ff.,  in  a  prologue-like 
speech,  Ergasilus  says:  ita  nunc  belligerant  Aetoli  cum  Aleis: 
nam  Aetolia  haec  est;  cf.  24,  59,  824.  The  CMellaria  is  laid  at 
Sicyon;  cf.  156  fuere  Sicyoni  iam  diu  Dionysia.  mercator  venit 
liuc  ad  ludos  Lemnius  (spoken  by  Auxilium,  in  a  prologue-like 
passage),  125-30,  190,  176,  177.  The  CurcuUo  is  laid  at  Epi- 
daurus:  561,  562  are  clear.  In  429  the  banker  Lyco  reads  a 
letter  just  handed  to  him  by  Curculio,  which  purports  to  come 
iiom  a  soldier  in  (at^)  Caria:  miles  Lyconi  in  Epidauro  hospiti 
....  salutem  dicit  (cf.  341).  A  fanum  Aesculapi  is  part  of  the 
stage-setting   (14,  62;  cf.  also  70,  204,  216,  217,  261,  270,  389, 

iFor  the  other  Terentian  plays  there  ia  no  direct  evidence.  It  is  clear  that  to 
Terence  Athens  is  the  only  site  for  a  play ;  cf.  Leo,  as  cited  above,  p.  H,  n.  1.  Indirect 
evidence  is  supplied  by  the  passages  in  which  a  puella  is  declared  to  be  or  is  proven  to 
be  a  civis  Attica :  And.  221,  780,  850,  Kun.  805,  Fh.  114.  With  the  same  force  civis  is 
used  alone:  Ad.  725,  .1*j«/.  m\,  875,  892.  The  Petioehae,  though  not  by  Terence  him- 
self, may  not  be  disregarded  here ;  they  show  the  interpretation  of  the  plays  current 
in  the  second  century  a.  d.  Cf .,  then,  civis  Attica,  Eun.  Per.  3 ;  Atticus  civis,  ibid.  10, 11 ; 
relicto  Athenis  Antiphone  filio,  Ph.  Per.  2  {ibid.  4,  6);  civem  Atticam,  .4(^  Per.  8. 
Of.  Cas.  arg.  6. 

What  has  been  said  will  throw  light  on  Terence's  use  of  hie,  hinc,  hue,  etc.,  of 
the  place  in  which  the  play  is  laid  or  of  motion  to  and  from  that  place.  For  hie  cf . 
^d.  279,  ^itn.  759,  760:  peregrinusest  ....  minus  amicorum  hie  habens,  P/i.  406,  460 
(sometimes,  however,  hie  merely =ruri,  in  the  suburbs,  as  against  in  urbe :  cf.  Ad.  403, 
Heaut.  97, 162,  601,  629,  Hec.  216  [contrast  run,  215],  230,  597) ;  for  hue  cf.  Ad.  649: 
neque  enim  diu  hue  migrarunt,  673,  ^nd.  70:  ex  Andro  commigravit  hue  viciniam  (for 
hue,  *to  the  city,'  see  Ad.  435,  526) ;  for  hinc  see  Ad.  225,  :^84,  661,  And.  221  (inserted 
by  Dz),  83:^ :  illam  hinc  civem  esse  aiunt,  Eun.  156,  952,  Heaut.  165  (Dz),  446,  Hec.  86-88 : 
Corinthum  hinc  sum  profecta  ....  edepol  te  desiderium  Athenarum  arbitror  .... 
cepisse  (for  hinc  of  progress  from  city  to  country  see  Ad.  4;«,  4:^5,  561,  841,  843,  Hec. 
586,  610,  613,  629).  Cf.  also  hac  urbe.  Ph.  517;  e  patria.  Ad.  275.  More  illuminating 
is  Eun.  110:  ex  Attica  hinc;  cf.  Epid.  602:  hinc  Athenis  civis  earn  emit  Atticus,  Mer. 
945 :  de  amica  se  indaudivisse  autumat  hie  Athenis  esse.  In  Cist.  125-30,  if  with  A  we 
omit  126-29,  we  get  aduleseens  quidam  hie  est  adprime  nobilis  Sieyone. 

We  may  note  now  that  the  Heaut,  is  laid  in  the  suburbs  (of  Athens) ;  cf.  63-74, 
239,  732,  etc.  The  reference  to  the  Dionysia  in  161, 162  is  not  per  se  decisive :  see  Cis. 
166 :  fuere  Sicyoni  iam  diu  Dionysia. 

s  See  below,  p.  6,  s.  v,  Caria. 


Travel  in  Ancient  Times 


8 


527-32,  558,  699).  The  leno,  Cappadox,  is  in  the  temple  to  be 
cured  (61,  62,  216-22,  235-38).  He  has  a  dream  (245-50, 
253-59),  which  he  recounts  (260-63)  for  its  interpretation 
(270-73).  The  Menaechmi  is  laid  at  Epidamnus  (cf.  230,  258-67 
306,  380,  1000,  1004,  arg.  6,  prol.  33,  49,  51,  57,  70,  72).  ThJ 
Miles  is  laid  at  Ephesus  (cf.  88,  111-13,  411,  412,  439,  440). 
Hence  777,  778:  isque  ....  omnis  se  ultro  sectari  in  Epheso 
memorat  mulieres,  in  itself  not  conclusive,  becomes  pertinent 
See  also  arg.  i.  1-7,  arg.  ii.  1-4,  arg.  ii.  7-12.  The  Poemdus 
is  set  at  Calydon  in  Aetolia  (cf.  1179a-81).  This  passage  lights 
up  1056,  1057,  621,  prologue  72-78,  93-95.  Lastly,  the  Rudens 
18  laid  at  Cyrene  (615-17,  712-16,  740,  741,  1338,  prologue 
33,  41).'  ^        ^ 

I  pass  now  to  give  a  complete  list  of  the  places  mentioned  in 
the  plays.  I  shall  group  these  places  by  continents.  Further, 
an  attempt  will  be  made  to  divide  the  places  in  Europe  into  two 
classes,  the  first  comprising  those  which  belong  to  the  Greek 
rather  than  to  the  Roman  world,  the  second  including  places 
which  seem  specifically  parts  rather  of  the  Roman  world.  For 
convenience  the  arrangement  within  the  individual  groups  will  be 
alphabetical.^ 

I.  Places  in  Africa. 

AEG YPTUS.  See  Most.  440,  994;  Mer.  139:  resinam  ex  melle  Aegyp- 
tiam  vorato  (as  a  cure  for  the  spitting  of  blood);  Mer.  414,  415-  ancilla 
Aegyptia;  Foe.  1290,  1291:  Aegyptini  qui  cortinam  ludis  per  circum 
ferunt. 

AETHIOPIA:  Eun.  165:  ex  Aethiopia  ancillulam,  471  ex  Aethiopia 
usque  haec.  ^ 

AFRICA.  In  Poe.  1304  Antamoenides,  seeing  his  amica  embraxje 
her  father,  of  whose  identity  he  is  not  aware,  says:  adire  certum  est  hanc 
amatrieem  Africam.  Cf.  Poe.  1011:  mures  Africanos  praedicat  in  pom- 
pam  ludis  dare  se  velle  aedilibus. 

1  In  fact  the  play  is  laid  in  the  suburbs  of  Cyrene,  near  the  shore ;  cf .  the  refer 
ences  to  the  villa,  34,  85, 101,  etc. 

X,., '7^''Tl."'^°*'''°^  relatively  few  places:  Asia,  Babylon,  Caria,  Oilicia,  India 
Miletus,  Aethiopia,  Andros,  Athenae,  Attica,  Corinthus,  Cyprus,  (Delphi?  cf.  And 
698:  non  A^llims  magis  verum  atque  hoc  responsumst),  Imbros,  Lemnos,  Myconos' 
Rhamnus,  Rhodos,  Samos,  Sunium.  Of  these  Andros,  Imbros,  Myconos,  Rhamnus' 
Sumum,  Aethiopia  are  not  mentioned  in  Plautus.  Further,  all  the  places  belomr  t^ 
the  Greek  world.  "«s  w 


Q  Charles  Knapp 

ALEXANDRIA:    Paeiid.  147:  Alexandrina  beluata  tonsilia  tappetia. 

ARABIA :  Per.  506,  522,  541,  Trin,  845, 933-35  (see  below,  p.  11,  n.  1), 
Tru.  539:  ex  Arabia  tibi  attuli  tus  (cf.  Miles  412,  frag.  67,  Poe.  1179), 
Cur.  443:  Arabes,  Ba.  frag,  xx:   Arabus. 

CARTHAGO:  Poe.  arg.  1,  66,  79,  900,  987,  989,  996,  1038,  1054,  1056, 
1101  (1419,  in  the  exitus  alter),  Cos,  71.  Magara,  a  part  of  Carthage,  is 
named  in  Poe.  86.  Carthaginiensis  is  adjective  in  Poe.  59,  963,  1124, 
noun  in  Poe.  84,  987,  1377.  Cf.  also  Poe.  53:  Kapxr/Sovtos  vocatur  haec 
comoedia.  poenus  is  adjective  in  Poe.  991:  nullus  me  est  hodiePoenus 
Poenior,  noun  in  Ca8.  76,  Cis.  202,  Poe.  arg.  7,  101,  113,  120,  991,  1125. 
Cf.  also  Aul.  566:  lanterna  Punica,  Poe.  977:  Punica  (facies),  982  hosce 
....  appellalx>  Punice,  990  vin  appellem  huuc  Punice?  983  Puuice 
pergam   loqui,  985  ecquid  commeministi   Puuice?     1000  saluta  .... 

Punice  verbis  meis. 

CYRENAE:  Eu.  33,  41.  Cyrenensis  is  adjective  in  Ru,  713,  1338, 
noun  in  Jiu.  615,  740.  In  Pseud.  816,  Ru.  630  the  reference  to  laser- 
picium  points  to  Cyrene  (see  below  p.  14). 

MAGARA:    see  CARTHAGO  above. 

POENUS,  PUNICUS.    see  CARTHAGO  above. 

II.  Places  in  Asia. 

ASIA.  In  the  Stich  us  the  brothers  went  on  a  trading  trip  to  Asia  (see 
152,  367).  So  in  Trin.  845  the  sycophanta,  posing  as  a  messenger  from 
Charmides  (see  below  8.  v.  SELEUCIA),  says:  advenio  ex  Seleucia, 
Macedonia,  Asia,  atque  Arabia.  In  And.  935,  936  we  read  that  a  man 
went  in  Asiam  in  part  to  escape  war  at  Athens,  in  part  to  join  his  brother. 
In  Trin.  598,  599,  Heaut.  HI,  117,  181  Asia  (Minor)  is  mentioned  in  con- 
nection with  campaigning.  How  loosely  the  name  is  used  appears  from 
Trin.  loc.  cit.:  ibit  ....  latrocinatum,  aut  in  Asiam  aut  in  Ciliciam. 

BABYLON:  Tru.  84:  Babyloniensis  miles  (cf.  202,  392),  472:  militi 
Babylonio,  Stich.  378:  Babylouica  (peristromata).  Ad.  915:  ille  Babulo 

C  nabob'). 

CAPPADOCIA:   Miles  52  (in  the  soldier's  bragging). 

CARIA:  Eun.  126,  Heaut.  608.  In  the  Curculio  a  parasite  goes  from 
Epidaurus  to  some  place  called  Caria :  cf.  arg.  1:  it  Cariam,  206  misi  .  .  .  . 
Cariam,  225  quia  non  rediit  Caria,  339  rogat  quid  veniam  Cariam,  67  in 
Cariam,  265  missust  in  Cariam,  329  perveni  in  Cariam.' 

iLeo  (PI.  Forsch.,  p.  200,  n.  2)  finds  a  difficulty  because  the  templum  Aesculapi 
is  set  by  Plautus  within  the  town  of  Epidaurus;  in  fact,  it  lay  miles  to  the  west  on  the 
road  to  Argos.  He  holds,  then,  that  Caria  in  this  play  is  a  town  not  far  from  Epidau- 
rus. He  concludes  thus:  '*Wilamowitz  vermuthet,  dass  der  Schauplatz  des  Originals 
die  Ansiedlung  urn  das  Updv  war  und  dass  der  Parasit  nach  Epidaurus  geschickt  wurde, 
um  das  Geld  zu  holen;  dass  Plautus  dies  fdr  sein  PubUcum  verwirrende  Verhftltniss 
umgeAndert  und  die  Stadt  Oaria  hinzu  erfunden  hat."    I  feel  sure,  however,  that  to 


Travel  in  Ancient  Times  7 

o.  ^^^^^^•*  ^'*  ^'  ^'^'  ^^  •  '^'^  •  •  •  •  latrocinatum  ....  in  Ciliciam, 
Ph.  66  (Demipho  was  liured  thither  by  promises  of  montes  auri). 

EPHESUS  in  Ba.  171,  231,  236,  249,  309,  336,  354,  388,  389,  561,  776, 
1047  IS  the  destination  of  a  trading  trip.  In  the  Miles  a  soldier  carries 
a  meretrix  mgenua  against  her  will  to  Ephesus:  arg.  i.  1,  arg  ii  4 
arg.  11.  7,  88,  113.  See  also  i/r.  384, 439,  441,  975,  976,  648,  778.  Ephesii 
IS  noun  in  Ba.  309;  cf.  also  Mi.  411:  Ephesiae  Dianae,  Ba.  307:  Dianai 
Ephesiae. 

INDIA:  Mi.  25,  Cur.  439,  Eun.  413:  elephantis  quern  Indicis  (rex) 
praefecerat  (all  three  passages  give  a  soldier's  or  a  parasite's  lies). 

IONIA:  St  769:  lonicus  aut  cinaedust,  Ps.  1275  lonica  (dances); 
m  Pe.  826,  which  involves  the  phrase  in  Ionia,  there  is  another  refer- 
ence to  dancing  (see  824,  825). 

MILETUS:  Cap.  2U:  Thalem Milesium,  Ad.  654,  655  (Mileti 

....  Miletum),  702  ille  ubist  Milesius? 

PERSIA:  Pe.  461,  498.  For  the  noun  Persa  see  Cur.  442,  Pe  506 
513,  676,  707,  718,  740,  783,  796,  828,  829  (the  very  name  of  this  play  is 
significant),  St.  24-25:  Persamm  montis,  qui  esse  aurei  perhibentur.  For 
the  portus  Persicus  see  below,  p.  14,  n.  1,  middle  paragraph. 

PHRYGIA:  Tru.  536:  attuli  eccam  pallulam  ex  Phrygia  tibi  Cf 
phrygio,  *  embroiderer,'  Aul.  508,  Men.  426,  469,  563,  618,  681  Add 
portae  Phrygiae,  of  Troy,  Ba.  955. 

PONTUS:  Tr.  933,  934  (see  ARABIA,  above,  p.  6),  Tru.  539,  640: 
attuli  ....  Ponto  amomum. 

the  Romans  of  Plautus'  time  CaHa,  unqualified,  would  have  suggested  only  Asia  Minor 
not  an  unknown  city  near  Epidaurus.  Konig  (Quaestiones  Plautinae,  Patschkau,  im\ 
pp.  6, 7),  shows  that  with  names  of  countries  Plautus  seldom  omits  prepositions  (Most 
440:  Aegypto,  on  which  see  Quint,  i.  5.  38,  Cap.  673:  Alidem,  Cap.  330:  Alide  (so  94)! 
Tni.  540:  Ponto  seem  the  only  exceptions.  Konig  criticizes  Brix  on  Cap.  573,  but  an- 
proves  Lorenz  on  Most.  440) ;  hence  he  holds,  p.  8,  that  Caria  here  is  a  town,  not  a 
?c^f  ^^' ..  ./^'*  (y^ominum  quibus  loca  signiJicanturustisPlautinusexponitur,  Halle, 

1883,pp  40,41)  agrees withKdnigconcerningthefactsofPlautine usage, butargues that 
Plautus  treated  Aegyptus,  Oaria,  and  Pontus  "simili  ratione  atque  nomina  singularia 
urbmm,    and  so  concludes  that  Caria  is  the  country,  not  a  town.    Soltau  ( Curculionis 
Plauh  Actus  III  Interpretation  p.  27),  takes  the  same  view.    HUflfner  {De  Plauti  exem 
phs  Atficis,  p.  18),  holds  that  Caria  cannot  be  the  country.    He  gives  five  reasons,  of 
which  the  most  important  is  that  we  read  (206,  207, 143)  that  Curculio  started  Cariam 
but  four  days  ago  and  yet  is  expected  back  today ;  the  distance,  he  solemnly  argues 
could  not  be  covered  in  that  time.    Further,  no  mention  is  made  of  a  ship  in  the  play' 
Yet,  masmuch  as  Plautus  makes  Philocrates  in  the  Captivi  go  from  Aetolia  to  Elis,* 
effect  there  an  exchange  of  prisoners,  find  a  slave  who  disappeared  twenty  years  before 
and  return  to  Aetolia  all  in  one  day,  we  need  not  distress  ourselves  because  he  talks  of 
gomg  from  Epidaurus  to  Asia  Minor  and  return  in  four  days.    For  my  own  part,  then 
I  mchne  to  take  Caria  of  the  country  (in  PI.  the  soldier  is  in  Caria ;  in  the  Terentian 
passages,  too,  Caria  is  named  in  connection  with  soldiering:   venimus  in  Cariam  ex 
India,  Cur.  438,  points  strongly  to  Caria  in  Asia) ;  it  would  not  be  difficult  to  emend  the 
passages  which  show  Cariam  or  Caria  without  a  preposition. 


/ 


8 


Chables  Knapp 


Tbavbl  in  Ancient  Times 


9 


SELEUCIA.  Charraides,  bent  on  strengthening  his  fortunes  by 
trade,  goes  to  Seleucia,  Tr.  112,  771,  845,  901.^ 

SINOPE:  Cur.  443. 

SURIA  (SYRIA):  Tm.  530:  ancillas  ....  ex  Suria,  541  hasce  .... 
Suras,  Mer.  414, 415:  aucillam  .  .  .  .  Syram,  ?>.  542:  Surorum,  genus  quod 
patientissumumst  hominum,  Car.  443.  For  Sarus,  Sura  as  slave  names 
see  below,  p.  12,  n.  4. 

Ill  A.    Places  in  Europe  belonging  to  Greek  geography. 

AETNA:  Mi.  1065:  tuni  argenti  montes,  non  massas  (habes),  habet 

Aetina  non  aeque  altos. 

AETOLIA:  Cap.  94.  Aetolus  is  adjective  in  Foe.  621,  1057,  noun  in 
Cap.  24,  59,  93,  824.  (Cf.  also  Pe.  3,  where  Aetolicus  aper  is  named 
among  the  Herculis  aerumnae.) 

AGRIGENTUM:  i^ie.  50:  Siculus  senex,  ....  Agrigentinus. 

ALIS  (Elis):  Cap.  9,  26,  94,  330,  379,  509,  544,  547,  573,  588,  590,  638, 
973,  979,  1005,  1014.  Aleus  is  adjective  in  Cap.  arg.  3,27,  31,  169,  875, 
noun  in  Cap.  24,  59,  93,  280.     Alidensis  is  adjective  Cap.  880. 

AMBRACIA:  St.  491. 

ANACTORIUM:  Foe.  87,  93,  896. 

ANDROS:  And.  70,  222,  923,  931.  Andrius  is  adjective  in  And.  Fer. 
2,  906,  noun  (in  fern.)  in  And.  73,  85.  215,  461,  756. 

ARCADIA:  Arcadian  asses  are  sold  in  Athens  to  a  merchant  from 
Pella,  As.  333.     For  such  asses  cf.  Persius  iii.  9,  Ausonius  Ixxvi.  3,  Varro 

E.  R.  ii.  1,  14. 

ARGIVI:  so  the  Thebans  are  called  in  Am.  208  (the  play  belongs  to 

the  heroic  age). 

ATHENAE:  As.  492,  Aul.  810,  Ba.  563,  Ep.  26,  502,  602,  Men.  prol. 
8,  Mer.  945,  Mi.  arg.  i.  1,  arg.  i.  5,  99,  100,  104,  114,  122,  126,  127,  132, 
239,  384,  439,  451,  489,  938,  1146,  1186,  1193,  Mo.  1072,  Fe.  151,  549,  Fs. 
270,  339,  416,  620,  731,  Ru.  35,  738,  739,  741,  746,  1105,  1111,  St.  448,  649 
(salvete,  Athenae,  quae  nutrices  Graeciae:  cf.  Pericles  in  Thuc.  ii.  41.  1), 
670,  Tru.  3,  10,  91,  497,  And.  907,  Hec.  88,  Fh.  (thrice  in  the  Periocha  2, 
4,  6).  Atheniensis  is  adjective  in  Mi.  arg.  ii.  2,  440,  noun,  perhaps,  in 
Cas.  82,  Ru.  1198.  Attica  is  named  in  Eun.  110.  Atticus  is  adjective 
often:  (a)  Athenae  Atticae,  Ep.  502,  Mi.  100,  Fs.  416,  Ru.  741,  Tru.  497; 
(6)  civis  Atticus,  Ep.  602,  Mer.  635  (in  reverse  order,  Atticus  cins,  Eun. 
Per.  10,  11),  civis  Attica,  Foe.  372,  And.  221,  780,  859,  Ad.  Per.  8,  Eun. 
Per.  3,  805,  Fh.  114  (cf.  Attica  civitas  Fe.  474);  (c)  in  miscellaneous 
phrases:  As. 793:  lingua  Attica,  Ca«. 652:  Attica  ....  disciplina,£/J.306: 
agro  Atticx),  Mer.  837:  ab  Atticis  abhorreo  (sc.  deis,  Penatibus,  Lare,  urbe, 
civitate).  Mo.  30:  iuventute  ....  Attica,  Pe.395:  logei  ....  Attici,P«. 

iQf.  the  mention  of  Seleucua,  Mi.  75,  949,  951,  948. 


202a.-  iuventutem  Atticam,  Ru.  42:  adulescens  ....  Atticus,  604 
Philomela  Attica  (Leo),  Eun.  1093:  Atticam  elegantiam.  Atticus  is  noun 
in  Mi.  arg.  ii.  4,  And.  923,  927. 

For  references  to  the  Firaeus  see  Ba.  235,  Mo.  66,  Tr.  1103,  Eun.  290 
539.    Cf.  also  RHAMNUS,  below. 

BOEOTIA:     Mer.Ul. 

CALYDON:  Foe.  72,  94;  1181  Calydoniam  Venerem. 

CAPUA:  Ru.  629-31:  si  speras  tibi  hoc  anno  muitum  futurum  sirpe 
et  laserpicium  eamqiie  eventuram  exagogam  Capaam  salvam  et  sospitem. 

CHALCIS:  Mer.  646,  939. 

CHIOS:  viuum  Chium,  Cur.  78,  Foe.  699. 

CNIDUS:  Mer.  647. 

CORINTHUS:  Mer.  646,  Heaut.  96,  Hec.  86,  Heaut.  600  and  629- 
Cormthia  anus,  Aul  559:  Corinthiensis  fons  Pirena. 

CRETA:  Mer.  646,  Cur.  443:   Arabes,  Caras,  Cretanos,  etc. 

CYPRUS:  Mer.  646,  933,  937,  Ad.  224,  230,  278. 

DELPHI:  Fs.  480:  quod  scibo  Delphis  tibi  responsum  dicito* 

ELATIA  (in  Phocis):  Ba.  591. 

EPIDAMNUS:  Men.  arg.  6,  49,  51,  70,  230,  263,  267,  306,  380  (bis). 
Epidamniensis  is  adjective  Men.  32;  Epidamnius  is  adjective  Men  1004 
noun  in  33, 258.  '         ' 

EPIDAURUS:  Cur.  429,  562,  Ep.  540  a,  541  a,  636. 

ERETRIA:  Mer.  646,  Fe.  259,  322,  323. 

EUBOEA:  ^p.  153:   Euboicus  (miles). 

GRAECIA:    Ru.   737:    ex  germana  Graecia,  Men.  236:   Graeciam 

.  .  .  exoticam   (=Magna  Graecia);    see  also   Cas.   71,   St.   649.    For 

Graecus  as  adjective  see  Cur.  288:  isti  Graeci  palliati  capite  operto 

qui  ambulant,  Mer.  525,  Ru.  588:  vina  Graeca,  St.  226:  unctiones  Grae- 

cas  sudatorias  veudo,  707,^  As.  199:    Graeca  fide.  Men.  9,  Tru.  55. 

HILURII:  Men.  235,  Tr.  852:  Hilmica  facies  videtur  hominis 

HISTRI:  Men.  235. 

IMBROS:  an  Athenian  goes  thither  to  settle  an  estate,  Hec.  Per.  5, 171. 

LACONIA:    Cap.  471:    Lacones  ....  viros  (parasites),    Ep.  2^: 
(canis)  Laconicus,  Mo.  404:  clavis  Laconicus.    See  SPARTA,  below 

LEMNOS:  Cis.  arg.  6,  arg.  7,  161,  Tru.  91,  355,  Fh.  Per.  3,  Per  5 
66,  567,  680,  873,  943,  1004,  1013;  Cis.  100:  sua  cognata  Lemniensis,  157 
mercator  ....  Lemnius.  For  Lemnius,  Lemnia  as  noun  see  Cis  173 
492, 530.  '        ' 

»Cf.  perhaps  And.  698  non  Apollinis  magisverum  atque  hoc  responsumst.    Of. 
too,  the  slave  name  Delphium,  p.  12,  n.  4.  ' 

2 The  passages  in  which  pergraecari  occurs  are  also  pertinent  here:  Ba.  813,  Mo. 
960,  22,  64,  Poe.  603,  Tru.  87;  so  congraecare  Ba.  743.  Greece  occurs  ^s.  prol  10 
Mer.  prol.  9,  Mi.  86,  Cas.  prol.  33,  Tr.  prol.  18,  always  in  accounts  of  the  Greek 
originals  of  Plautus'  plays. 


ill 


10 


Chables  Knapp 


Tbavel  in  Ancient  Times 


11 


LESBOS:  Mer.  647:  Lesbiam  (terrain),  Poe.  699:  vinum  Lesbium, 

Mi,  1247. 

LEUCAS:  Poe.  699:  viimm  Leucadium. 

MACEDONIA:  Tr.  845.  Cf.  Macedoues,  Mi.  44,  Macedonius  (as 
adjective),  P«.  51,  346,  616,  1090,  1152,  1162,  1210:  virum  Macedonieusem 

Pa.  1041. 

MEGARA:  Mer.  646  Megares  (ace.  pi.),  Pe.  137  Megaribus   .... 

commigravit. 

MOLOSSIA:  Cap.  86  Molossici  (canes). 

MYCOXOS:  Hec.  433,  801  Myconius  hospes,  803  es  tu  Myconius? 

NAL  PACTUS:  Mi.  arg.  ii.  2,  102,  116. 

NEMEA:  games  at,  Cas.  759-62. 

OLYMPIA:  games  at,  Cas.  759-62. 

PIRAEUS:  see  ATHENAE. 

RHAMNUS:  And.  930:  Rhamnusium  se  aiebat  esse. 

RHODOS:  Cur.  444  Rhodiam  (terram),  Mer.  11,  93,  257,  390,  Eun. 
107,  420,  498,  423:  Rhodius  adulescentulus. 

SAMOS:  Ba.  472,  574,  200:  Samiam  quidem  (Bacchidem),  Men.  178: 
fores  Samiae,  St.  694:  Samiolo  poterio,  Ba.  202:  Samium  vas,  Cap.  291: 
Samiis  vasis,  Eun.  107:  Samia  mihi  mater  fiiit. 

SICILIA:  Men.  1096,  Ru.  54,  357,  495,  Men.  arg.  1:  mereator  Siculus, 

Pe.  395  (logum) Siculum,  Ru.  49,  Poe.  897:  praedo  Siculus,  Ru.  451, 

Men.  1068,  Cap.  888  (bis).     The  verb  sicilicissito.  Men.  12,  is  pertinent 
here:  cf  also  AGRIGENTUM  and  SYRACUSAE. 

SICYON:  Cis.  130,  156,  190,  Cur.  395,  Mer.  647.  Ps.  995,  998,  1098 
1174,  Ci8.  arg.  1,  arg  3. 

SPARTA:  Poe.  663,  666.  For  the  adjective  we  have  Spartanus,  Poe. 
770,  Spartiaticus,  Poe.  719,  for  the  noun  Spartiatem,  Poe.  780.  In  Pe. 
553,  554:  ut  munitum  muro  tibi  visum  oppidumst?  si  incolae  bene  sunt 
morati,  id  pulchre  moeuitum  arbitror,  there  may  well  be  a  reference 
to  Sparta.    See  also  LACONIA. 

STYMPHALIS:  the  aves  Stymphales  are  named  among  the  aenim- 
nae  Herculis,  Pe.  4. 

SUNIUM:  Eun.  115,  519,  Ph.  837  (site  of  a  mercatus,  *fair'). 

SUPERUM  MARE:  Men.  236. 

SYRACUSAE:  Men.  17,  37,  69,  408,  1097  (a  merchant  goes  thence  to 
Tarentum  ad  mercatuni).     For  Syracusanus,  adjective,  cf.  Men.  1068, 

1109. 

TARENTUM:  Men.  27, 29, 36, 39, 1112.  In  Tru.  649  there  is  a  refer- 
ence to  the  sale  of  Tarentinae  oves,  though  the  play  is  laid  at  Athens. 
Cf .,  perhaps,  Mer.  525,  with  Naudet's  note. 

TELOBOAE:  Am.  arg.  i.  2,  101,  205,  211,  217,  251,  414,  418,  734. 
See  Palmer  on  arg.  i.  2. 


THASOS:  Poe.  699:  vinum  Thasium. 

THEBAE:  Am.  97,  677,  1046,  Ep.  53,  206,  252,  416,  636,  Ru.  746. 
*or  Ihebanus  as  adjective,  see  Am.  101,  190,  194,  259,  363,  376  678 
frag.  XVI ;  as  noun,  Am.  365.     See  ARGIVI  above.  * 

THESSALIA:  Am.  10i3:  Thessalum  veneficum.    In  Am.  770  Thes- 
sala  is  the  name  of  an  ancilla. 
THRAECIA:  Poe.  1168. 
ZACYNTHUS:  Mer.  647,  940,  943,  945. 

Ill  B.  Places  in  Europe  belonging  to  Roman  geography. 

ALATRIUM:  Cap.  883:  val  rhv  *AAarptov. 

APULIA:  Ca8.  12  in  <terra>  Apulia.  There  is  a  slighting  reference 
to  Apulians  m  Mi.  648:  post  Ephesi  sum  natus,  non  enim  in  Apulis. 
Las  11  18,  perhaps,  likewise  disparaging  (cf.  67-77).  The  prologuist 
declares  that  in  Graecia  et  Carthagini  serviles  nuptiae  are  celebrated 
more  elaborately  than  the  marriages  of  free-born  men  and  women-  he 

undertakes  to  prove  this  before  a  Poenus  index vel  Graecus  adeo 

vel  mea  caussa  Apulus. 

BOII:  Cap.  888:  nunc  Siculus  non  est,  Boius  est,  boiam  terit 

CAMPANIA:  Ps.  146:  peristromata Campanica,  Tr.Mh:  Cam- 

pans  genus  multo  Surorum  iam  antidit  patientia,  Tru.  942  (corrupt)- 
Campas.  ^  '' 

CORA:   Cap.  881:  vaX  rav  Kopav. 

ETRURIA:  Cis.  562:  ex  Tusco  modo.     See  SUTRIUM,  below. 

FRUSINO:  Cap.  883:  vol  rav  ^povaivwva. 

GALLIA:  Aul  495:  Gallicis  cantheriis,  fra^.  176  (?) 

HISPANI:  Men.  235.  &  v  ;• 

ITALIA:  Men.  237:  orae  Italicae  omnes. 

MONS  MASSICUS:  Ps.  1303:  Massici  montis  uberrimos  quattuor 
fructus. 

MASSILIA:  Men.  235:  Massilienses,  Cas.  963:  ubi  tu  es  qui  colere 
mores  Massiliensis  postulas  ? 

FISTORENSES:  Cap.  160. 

PLACENTIA:  Cap.  172:  opus  Placentinis  quoque. 

PRAENESTE:  Ba.  frag,  viii.:  Praenestinum  opino  esse,  ita  erat 
gloriosus,  Tr.  608,  609:  ilico  hie  ante  ostium,  'tam  modo,'  inquit  Praene- 
stinus,  Tru.  691  (cf .  688  ff.):  Praenestinis  ^  conea '  est  ciconea.  All  three 
references  are  slighting.  So,  when  in  Cap.  882  Ergasilus  swears  vol  rkv 
Upaiviarrfv,  etc.,  Hegio  asks  (884):  quid  tu  per  barbaras  urbis  iuras? 

ROMA:  Romae  was  read  by  Schoell  in  Tru.  966,  a  corrupt  verse. 
Cf.  Poe.  1313,  1314:  plenior  ali  ulpicique  quam  Romani  remiges.     Cf 
too,  perhaps,  frag.  109,  from  Festus  45:  catulinam  camera  esitavisse 
Romanos  Plautus  in  Saturione  refert. 


L 


i    •^. 


r 


r 


gjHI, 


Chables  Knapp 


Various  places  in  Rome  are  mentioned.  Cfl  Cap.  489:  omnes  de 
compecto  rem  agunt,  quasi  in  Velabro  olearii,'  Cur.  483:  in  Velabro.  Cf. 
Cur.  269:  locus  nou  prael)eri  (sc.  periuris)  potis  est  in  Capitolio.  In  Cur, 
467-85  the  choragas  enumerates  places  in  the  fonun  Roman um,  e.  g., 
the  Clojiciiiae  sacrum,  the  basilica,  the  forum  piscarium,  the  lacus,  the 
veteres  (tabernae),  the  aedes  Castoris,  the  vicus  Tuscus,  the  Velabrupi-^ 

SARDI:  Mi.U. 

SARSINA  (in  Umbria):  Mo.  770:  Sarsinatis  ecqua  est,  si  Umbram 

non  hal>es? 

SIGNEA:  Cap.  882:  vai  rav  Siyvcav. 

8UTR1UM:  Cas.  524. 

UMBRIA:  see  SARSINA. 

TURDETANI:  Cap.  163.=» 

From  the  foregoing  pages  (5-12)  one  sees  how  vast  is  the  array  of 
places  to  which  Plautus  and  Terence,  especially  the  former,  make  refer- 
ence.* Allusion  is  made  to  all  quarters  of  the  Greek  world  of  Menan- 
der*s  time  and  to  some  places  of  the  Roman  world  of  Plautus'  days. 

>The  Captii'i  i«  laid  in  Aetolial  Coruera  in  grain  were  common  enough  in 
Athens:  witnesH  Lyeias  xxii,  /card  rQv  airoiruXuv.  Probably  in  the  original  of  the 
Captivi  there  wan  a  reference  to  such  corners  at  Athens ;  for  this  Plautus  substituted 
the  more  telling  reference  to  similar  operations  at  home. 

*See  below,  p.  14,  n.  1,  last  paragrai>h. 

*At  times  I'lautus  plays  with  geography,  as  Swift  played  with  geography.  In 
Cur.  442  tf.  the  parasite  declares  that  within  twenty  days  the  miles,  single-handed, 
conquered  Persas  ....  Rhodiam  at»iue  Lyeiam,  Perediam  et  Perbibe8iam,Centauro- 
machiam  et  Classiam  Unomammiam,  Libyamque  ....  omnem  Conterebronmiam 
....  Peredia  and  I'erbibesia  seem  anticipations  of  Dickens'  town  of  Eatanswill. 
In  a  similar  passage.  Mi.  l;^-15,  42-45,  a  parasite  refers  to  the  campi  Curculionei,  and 
to  Scytholatronia.  In  '/'/•.  928-:^  the  sycophanta  declares  that  he  left  Charmides  ad 
Rhadamantem  in  Cercopio,  and  that  Charmides  had  visited  Poutus  in  Arabia,  not, 
says  the  sycophanta,  the  Arabia  where  incense  is  produced,  but  the  .\rabia  where  one 
gets  absinthe  and  cunila  gallinacea !   See  also  9;i6-44,  Foe.  471-73,  663-66  (cf .  718,  790). 

<This  array  is  lengthened  if  we  give  heed  to  the  names  of  slaves;  we  must 
remember  that  slaves  were  largely  named  after  the  countries  from  which  they  came. 
Instructive  here  is  Ph.  ;i5,  36  where  Davus  says:  amicus  summus  et  popularis  Geta 
heri  ad  me  venit.  See  the  editors.  Davus  thinks  of  himself  as  a  Dacian  and  so  as 
virtually  fellow-countryman  of  the  Getae.  It  is  clear,  then,  that  to  Terence's  mind 
slave  names  had  geographical  suggestion.  Cf.  such  passages  as  Mer.  414,  415:  ancil- 
lam  ....  aut  Syram  aut  Aegyptiam,  Eini.  166, 166:  ex  Aethiopia  ancillulam  (cf.  471). 

Cf .  now  the  following  slave  names,  ethnic  in  origin :  Cario,  Mi.  1397, 1427 ;  Davus, 
Am,  366,  614,  frag.  146,  and  passim.  Ph.  51-151  passim  (see  Schmidt  "Griechische 
Personennamen  bei  Plautus"  Hermes  XXXVII,  p.  185);  CiUx,  frag.  149  (Schmidt, 
p.  184) ;  Delphium,  Mo.  32CM7,  372,  393,  397  (Schmidt,  p.  185) ;  Dorus,  name  of 
a  eunuch,  Eun.  594;  Dorias,  name  of  an  ancilla,  Eun.  538;  Dorio,  name  of  a  leno, 
Ph.  486-633;  Eleusium,  Aul.  333  (Schmidt,  p.  187);  Geta,  Ph.  passim,  Ad.  299  ff. 
(Lindsay  emends  Tru.  577  in  such  fashion  that  the  slave  Cyamus  is  made  to  hail  from 
the  Getae);  Lesbia,  And.  228,  45^88;  Lurcio,  Aft.  812-65,  Lucris,  name  of  the  sup- 
posed captive  woman  in  Pe.  624  (Schmidt,  pp.  193, 194,  refuses  to  connect  these  names 


Travel  in  Ancient  Times 

In  Terence  the  geography  is  at  once  more  restricted  and  more  wholly 
Crreek;  Plautus  at  times  introduces  places  purely  Italian  or  even  whoUv 
Roman.'  "^ 

It  is  important  now  to  consider  the  character  of  these  refer- 
ences to  various  places.  Are  they  accurate  or  inaccurate?  Are 
they  vague  and  intangible  or  is  there  an  air  of  reality  about  them  ? 
In  a  word,  is  the  local  color  good  or  bad? 

Let  us  deal  first  with  the  plays  laid  at  Athens.  Here  the  repre- 
sentation of  things  Athenian,  so  far  as  that  representation  is  at 
all  definite  (i.  e.,  so  far  as  the  portrayal  is  metropolitan  rather 
than  cosmopolitan)  is  correct  always.  This  is  what  we  should 
expect  in  plays  based  on  dramas  written  by  citizens  or  residents 
of  Athens. 

In  every  passage  containing  reference  to  coming  to  Athens 
prr^'gre  the  harbor  (called  either  Piraeus  or  simply  portus)  is 
mentioned ;  it  seems  needless  to  give  the  references.  The  city  is 
described  as  well-walled,  Pe.  553;  in  Pr.  549  it  is  fortunatae 
atque  opiparae  (it  may  not  be  too  fanciful  to  see  here  a  rendering 
of  ^Aerjvai  Xiirapai).  Allusions  to  the  acrojx>li8  occur:  Ba.  900: 
in  arcem  abivit  aedem  visere.  nunc  apertast;  Hec.  431:  in  arcem 
transcurso  opus  est  (see  also  801).  In  Ami  930  an  Athenian 
is  described  as  a  Rliamnusian;  in  Eun.  110,  115  Attica  covers 
Sunium.'^ 

with  '''J'-tmr;  he  derives  them  from  \oKpliou,  AoKpls) ;  Lydus,  nan.e  of  paedagogus  in 
Ba.;  Messenio,  Men.;  Mysis,  And.;  Olympio,  Olympiscus,  Cos.;  Olympicus,  Tr.  425; 
Phrygia  ^«/.  :m,  Heaut.  7H1,  etc..  Ad.  978  (Schmidt,  p.  201) ;  Phoenicium,  Tru. 
passim  (Schmidt,  p.  201) ;  Syra,  Mer.  670  flf.,  etc.,  Tru.  405,  Hec.  71  flf.,  etc. ;  Syrus, 
Ba.  649,  Ps.,  Ad.,  Heaut.,  St.  4;«  (Schmidt,  p.  210) ;  Syriscus,  Eun.  772,  775 ;  Thessala, 
Ani.  770  (Schmidt,  p.  210).  We  may  add  Cappadox.  the  name  of  the  leno  in  Cur  • 
Schmidt  (p.  181)  declares  that  the  name  occurs  nowhere  else.  See  also  Berard 
Le^  Ph^niciens  et  VOdyss^e  I,  pp.  405,  406. 

1  For  specially  incongruous  injection  of  places  wholly  Italian  or  Roman  see  Cap, 
16a-&S,  880-85,  Cur.  466-85.  It  is  worth  while  to  remember  that  the  authenticity  of 
such  passages  has  been  called  in  question. 

2  Some  minor  points  may  be  noted.  Cf.  As.  598-^00:  e^se  negotiosum  interdius 
videlicet  Solonem,  leges  ut  conscribat  quibus  se  populus  teneat.  In  AuJ.  1%  the  Oere- 
ris  vigiliae  are  the  Thesmophoria ;  see  Wagner's  note.  In  Mer.  61-^  we  get  a  good 
view  of  the  Dionysia,  doubtless  at  Athens :  cf .  Cur.  644-47.  In  Heaut.  162, 170,  183  ff., 
211,  7'X^  we  have  references  to  the  Dionysia,  as  kept  in  some  country  seat  near  Athens' 
For  one  other  very  important  bit  of  local  color  in  connection  with  Athens  see  the  dis- 
cussion below,  pp.  16-18,  of  the  meaning  of  rus.  In  Aul.  559  Oorinthiensem  fontem 
Pirenam  may  be  noted. 


Charles  Knapp 


I 


In  And  51  there  is  a  reference  to  ephebi.  That  we  must  inter- 
pret this  in  the  technical  sense  familiar  to  the  Athenians  is  clear 
from  Eun.  824: i  iste  ephebus  f rater  Phaedriae,  as  explained  by  290: 
miror  quid  ex  Piraeo  abierit,  nam  ibi  custos  publice  nunc  est  (cf. 
the  Periocha  7,  12).  Hence  in  987:  an  in  astu  venit  {sc.  ex 
Piraeo)?  asked  about  this  ephebus,  is  absolutely  correct.  Cf. 
now  3Ier.  40,  61. 

Turning  now  to  plays  not  laid  at  Athens,  we  note  that  in  the 
BficchideSy  set  at  Ephesus,  references  are  made  to  the  temple  of 
Diana  there  (307-41).  In  the  Miles,  also  set  at  Ephesus,  we 
have  mention  of  the  ara  Ephesiae  Dianae  (411).  The  Menaechmi 
too  gives  a  correct  touch ;  for  the  boy  lost  at  Tarentum  his  brother 
has  been  searching  through  Histros,  Hispanos,  Massiliensis,  Hilu- 
rios,  mare  superum  omne  Graeciamque  exoticam  orasque  Italicas 
omnis,  qua  adgreditur  mare  (235-87).  In  Poe.  86  reference  is 
made  to  Magara,  part  of  Carthage ;  one  thinks  of  Vergil's  maga- 
lia,  Aen.  i.  421,  iv.  259,  Georg.  iii.  340   (see  Conington's  notes). 

The  Riidetis  is  laid  at  Cyrene.  At  630-33  an  elaborate  refer- 
ence is  made  to  laser[)icium  or  silphium,  well  known  as  the  special 
product  of  Cyrene  and  as  such  figured  on  its  coins. 

Some  miscellaneous  |K)ints  deserve  notice.  The  perfumes  of 
Arabia  are  mentioned  in  Mi.  412,  Tr.  934,  935,  Tru.  539,  540; 
amomum  from  Pontus  is  named  in  Trn.  ibid.  In  Trti.  53()  Phry- 
gian cloaks  are  mentioned ;  cf .  the  noun  phrygio.  In  Trn.  649 
there  is  mention  of  a  sale  of  oves  Tarentinae ;  we  think  of  Horace 
Carm.  ii.  6.  10-11:  dulce  pellitis  ovibus  Galaesi  flumen  et  regnata 
petam  Laconi  rura  Phalantho.  Cf.  also  Varro  E.  R.  ii.  2.  18, 
cited  by  editors  on  Horace  loc.  cit.  The  Stichus  involves  a  trad- 
ing voyage  from  Athens  to  Asia ;  the  things  brought  back  include 
Babulonica  et  peristroma  tonsilia  et  tappetia,  378,  sambucae,  381, 
unguenta,  383.  In  Men.  409-12  it  is  possible  to  pick  flaws  in 
the  list  of  Syracusan  kings  (see  Brix),  but  since  it  occurs  in  a 
comedy,  not  in  a  history,  it  is  reasonably  accurate.  In  the  Curcn- 
lio  we  have  already  noted  (see  p.  4)  the  references  to  the  templum 
Aesculapi.' 

1  Many  more  detaiUi  might  be  brought  together,  e.  g.,  the  references  to  wines  of  vari 
ous  sorts,  such  as  Chian,  Lesbian,  famous  still  in  later  times,  and  known  all  over  the 


i"~\ 


^      ;i 


Tbavel  in  Ancient  Times 


16 


Thus  far  we  have  been  concerned  with  the  geography  of  the 
comedies,  its  extent  and  its  nature.  We  must  pass  now  to  our 
main  theme,  the  evidences  of  movement  from  point  to  point.' 
A  general  twofold  division  of  the  passages  suggests  itself;  one 
set  will  deal  with  land  travel,  the  other,  far  the  larger,  with  travel 
beyond  seas. 

Greek  world  through  commerce;  the  references  to  Samian  ware,  to  Alexandrian  and 
Campaman  tapestries,  etc.  The  reader  who  examines  with  care  the  geographical  data 
given  above,  pp.  5^12,  or  reads  thoughtfully  the  accounts  of  travel  given  below,  will  be 
struck  more  and  more  forcibly  with  the  accuracy  of  the  allusions.  Of  a  more  general 
character  are  the  references  to  luxurious  living  at  Athens,  Epidamnus,  Sicily,  (i.  e., 
Syracuse),  all  centers  of  trade,  wealth,  and  its  attendant  luxury.  For  Sicily  cf 
^"'  fitinf^^J  ^'?'  ^P^^«"^°"«'  ^««-  258-64,  :«9-43;  for  Athens,  Ep.  213^S.     In 

/?«.  49, 50  Oharmides  IS  described  as  Siculussenex, Agrigentinus,  urbis  proditor : 

we  tlunk  at  once  of  the  disturbed  political  conditions  in  Sicily.  Lastly,  even  in  the 
^mp/i.^ruo  a  play  which  contains,  perhaps,  much  relatively  independent  work  (see 
Palmer  s  edition,  pp.  xiv-xviii),  the  treatment  is  reasonably  accurate.  The  play  is  laid 
at  Thebes:  Creon  is  king  (194,  351),  Tiresias  is  seer  (1128,  1145,  1132). 

Yet  there  are  weaknesses.  In  Am.  149,  164  a,  195,  460,  602,  701,  731  If.  reference 
IS  made  to  a  portus  (of  Thebes ! ) ;  cf .  Palmer  on  404.  Now  the  Amphitrxto  is  unique 
among  Latin  comedies,  especially  in  its  wonder-working  element  (in  the  prolongation 
of  the  night  and  the  deus  ex  machina  close) ;  what  wonder  if  in  a  play  which  lies  close 
to  the  magic  world  Thebes  develops  a  harbor?  Where  Plautus  set  the  Teloboae  we  do 
not  know  (see  Palmer's  note  on  arg.  i.  2),  but  he  repeatedly  makes  Amphitruo  go  to 
and  fro  by  sea  (329,  404,  etc.).  Hence  there  must  be  a  portus  at  the  home  end  of  the 
journey.  Plautus'  real  sin,  then,  lies  in  putting  this  portus  within  easy  walking  dis- 
tance of  Thebes.  Similarly  in  the  Poenulwt  Oalydon  has  a  harbor  (114, 115,  649  650) 
In  ^m.  404,  823  Plautus  refers  to  a  portus  Persicus;  from  this  Amphitruo  arrived  on 
the  night  on  which  the  play  opens.  Festus  (217  M.)  suggested  that  Plautus  gave  this 
name  to  some  harbor  on  the  mare  Euboicum  because  once  a  Persian  fleet  maneu- 
vered  in  these  waters,  an  odd  anachronism,  surely,  and  a  curious  misapplication  of  a 
bit  of  learning,  yet  modern  editors  have  no  better  comment  to  oflfer. 

Errors  of  another  sort  are  somewhat  marked.  Though  all  the  plays  are  laid  on 
irreek  soil,  Plautus  not  infrequently  introduces  geographical  details  which  are  purely 
Itahan.  See  above,  pp.  11, 12 ;  p.  13,  n.  1.  The  CapHvi  is  laid  in  Aetolia ;  yet  in  88-90, 
there  is  allusion  to  the  porta  trigemina  at  Rome.  In  Ps.  331  ff..  Professor  Morris  sees 
a  reference  to  the  Porta  Esquilina  at  Rome.  Another  instance  of  his  forgetfulness  is 
his  employment  of  pergraecari,  with  the  sense  of  '  to  lead  a  riotous,  extravagant  life  •' 
cf .  p.  9,  n.  2.  Cf .  also  Cur.  288 :  isti  Graeci  palliati,  Trxi.  55 :  armariola  Graeca.  A  cap- 
tious  cntic  might  object  to  the  statement  in  Men.  7-12  that  this  play  non  atticissat, 
verum  siciUcissitat,  on  the  ground  that  the  scene  is  laid  at  Epidamnus.  Yet  since 
the  more  important  characters  all  hail  from  Syracuse  and  return  thither  at  the  close 
of  the  play  the  inaccuracy  is  a  trifle.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  after  all  the  allusions  to 
things  distinctly  Italian  or  Roman  are,  for  our  purposes,  of  little  consequence.  Here 
especially  Plautus  talks  with  fullest  knowledge  and  accuracy ;  the  passages  discredit 
his  judgment  (or  that  of  the  interpolators),  not  his  geographical  knowledge. 

1 A  careful  examination  of  pp.  6-12  will  furnish  many  suggestions  of  communica- 
tion  between  distant  points,  e.  g.,  in  the  allusions  to  objects  of  commerce,  such  as 
wines,  tapestries,  perfumes,  slaves. 


1 1> 


■: 


|( 


if 


Ohables  UiJi^FP 


TRAVEL  BY  LAWD 

Specific  references*  to  journeying  by  land  are  confined  to  the 
innumerable  allusions  to  movement  in  the  streets  of  some  city,  or 
to  travel  between  a  city  and  its  harbor,  or  to  movement  between 
some  city,  especially  Athens,  and  its  suburbs.  Of  movement  in 
city  streets  we  need  take  no  notice.  Nor  shall  I  take  time  to 
gather  the  references  to  progress  between  a  city  and  its  harbor, 
though  under  the  conditions  which  determined  the  location  of 
cities  in  ancient  Greece  such  progress  often  involved  distances  of 
moment ;  witness  the  case  of  Athens  and  the  Piraeus.  Yet  after 
all  this  movement,  like  that  in  city  streets,  is  purely  local. 

Journeys  between  some  city  and  its  nta  stand,  in  part  at  least, 
on  a  somewhat  different  footing.  In  the  Eunuchns  (110,  115) 
the  term  inis  covers  Suniuni,  which  is  a  goodly  distance  from 
Athens  for  one  who  must  walk  or  drive  thither.  References  to 
travel  l>etween  Athens  and  its  suburbs  are  very  numerous.'  In 
the  Coiiind  a  vilicus  is  in  Athens  (see  98-142,  437,  438,  etc. ) .  In 
IHl  the  senex  says:  ego  ruri  cenavero  (cf.  783-86),  a  proof  that 
the  rus  was  at  no  great  distance."  In  Mer.  ()1- 1)8  Demipho  talks 
of  the  trips  he  made  as  a  boy  with  his  father  (to  Athens)  to  see  the 
peplus.  Lysimachus,  senex,  has  a  villa  /•///•/  {Mer.  272-82). 
His  wife  is  there  (2H0  ff.,  543,  580,  i\Ha,  etc.),  but  on  receipt  of 
a  message  that  he  is  not  coming  nis  (279,  280,  (Wyl),  she  comes 
to  town  to  join  him  (f)07-80,  (^SO,  807-14).  Presently  she 
sends  a  servant  to  her  father,  but  the  servant  finds  that  the  father 
had  gone  rus  (803,  804).     In  liof)  Eutychus  advises  Charinus 

•  Land  travel  is  often  enough  implied,  especially  in  the  references  to  the  exploits 
of  the  miles:  see  Cifr.  4:18,  442-48,  4;i8-.39,  Mi.  l.S-15,  42-44,  52,  5;^,  Poe.  (m-m.  We 
may  suppose  that  Hnrpax  ( Ps.  117»-75)  came  from  Sicyon  to  Athens  by  land :  such  a 
supposition  gives  most  point  to  Ballio's  comment,  strenue  mehercle  iisti,  when  he 
hears  that  Harpax  had  left  Sicyon  but  two  days  before  (the  distance  by  land  is  about 
75  miles).  We  shall  see  presently  that  land  conveyances  are  but  seldom  named,  and 
that  they  are  never  mentioned  in  connection  with  actual  travel. 

2 In  Cis.  225,  226  Aleesimarchus,  now  in  town  (Sicyon)  says:  pater  apud  villam 
dctinuit  me  hos  sex  dies  ruri  continuos.  In  ^fen.  prol.  6:^66  we  read  that  the  merca- 
tor  who  had  carried  otf  the  boy,  going  out  rus  from  Epidamnus,  was  drowned  while 
trying  to  ford  a  rain-swollen  stream.  In  Poe.  170  a  vilicus  is  in  town  (Calydon).  In 
Cap.  78  the  parasite,  who  is  supposed  to  be  in  Aetolia,  says :  ubi  res  prolatae  sunt, 
quom  homines  rus  eunt,  simul  prolatae  res  sunt  nostris  dentibus.    Cf.  84,  86. 

3 In  420,  in  his  desire  to  hasten  the  'marriage,'  he  had  said,  scin  tu  rus  hinc  esse 
ad  villam  louge  quo  ducat? 


ft  'I 


Tbavel  in  Ancient  Times  J7 

Ts.  ufyir'^" '""'"  '^"''  ^"* '"'  ''^'^"'-  ^  «•««  ^«-  899, 

town' ""^Fof  ;^^^  "'  '""  '^^'  "  '°""*'y  '^^'''  ^^'^i".  i«  in 
pj  =iic,  n  n  ^'  •°7^'''™t«  »•"«  Bee  928,  1043,  1076,  1077.  In 
Fs.  o4.»  Call.pho  explains  that  he  cannot  help  Simo:  rus  ut  irem 

Zi  i^ll  rt""™'  I*  "-  -hile  Callicles  was  unos  sex  dies 
run  that  Lesbonicus  put  up  his  father's  house  for  sale  (Tr.  163- 
72  .  According  to  Tru.  645,  646  Strabax  has  gone  rus  for  his 
father;  some  one  there  owed  money  to  his  father  for  oves  Taren- 
tmae.     Cf.  further  647-50,  669-71,  692-94.     One  of  Phrone- 

TIIsVITt'  ''"/''"'''''"'  ^''''''  (246-49,  269,  arg.  1-2). 
in  »,82,  683  Truculentus,  a  servus  rusticus,  refers  to  his  frequent 
tnps  to  the  city.  At  915  Strabax  says:  nee  ruri  nee  hie  operis 
quicquam  facio.     See  also  245-54,  277-82 ' 

TheV""/"'"  'f'r'"'  °^  '^''  "'''•*  ""^^«»  '^^'^  ""'serous, 
rhe  Heauton  is  laid  in  the  suburbs  of  Athens,  at  some  distance 

from  the  city  (239,  63-74,  88-92,  etc.);  for  movement  ttZl 

230  r  .7"t«i  r  'J  '''  '''-'''  ''''''  '^^2.  175,  176,  191, 
230  flF.,  37o  381-408.     In  the  Hecyra  Laches  lives  ruri,  his  wife 

IqO      H-^       ;  ^l^'  215-18,  224-26).     He  comes  to  town,  189 
190.     His  wife   baffled  in  her  efforts  to  establish  better  relations 
between  herself  and  her  daughter-in-law,  says  to  her  son  (586V 

5? ^eio!  629™"°  ^''''  "'™  ""^  "'  "''"  '"'**'  "*""'""■  P"*""-     ^^'^ 
In  Eim.  187  Phaedria,  who  has  agreed  to  surrender  Thais  for 
two  days  to  the  miles,  says:  rus  ibo.     Cf.  216.  220,  Per    5-6 
\  ss.  629-41  tell  what  happened  when  he  set  out  rus.     In  971-78 


Chables  Knapp 

his  father  says:  ex  meo  propinquo  rure  hoc  capio  commodi :  neqne 
agri  neque  urbis  odium  me  umquam  percipit.  ubi  satietas  coepit 
fieri,  commuto  locum.'  See  also  611,  967.  Chremes  has  an 
estate  at  Sunium  (519-25).  From  this  estate  years  before  his 
Bister  had  been  carried  off  by  pirates  (cf.  519-27  with  107-15).' 

Of  the  older  brothers  in  the  Adelphoe  one,  Demea,  has  spent 
his  life  in  the  country  (45,  866,  867).  He  comes  to  town  sorely 
distressed  by  the  pranks  of  one  of  his  sons,  Aeschines,  whom  his 
brother  Micio  had  adopted  (77-81,  92)  ;  his  other  son,  Ctesipho, 
is  he  thinks,  safely  in  the  country  (94-96).  He  starts  back  rus 
to  find  Ctesipho  (401,  433-36,  517-20).  On  his  way  he  meets 
one  of  his  mercennarii,  en  route  for  town,  who  tells  him  that 
Ctesipho  is  not  ruri  (541,  542).     See  also  560-62,  842.=* 

An  excellent   commentary  on  these  passages  is   afforded  by 
Thucydides'  remarks  (ii.  13.  2,  ii.  14,  ii.  15.  1,  2)  on  the  advice 
given  by  Pericles  to  the  Athenians  at  the  beginning  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian  War.     The  Athenians,  he  said,  "must  prepare  for  war 
and  bring  their  property  from  the  country  into  the  city;  they 
must  defend  their  walls  but  not  go  out  to  battle  .  .  .  ."     They 
brought  their  property  into  the  city,  with  sorrowing  hearts,  "for 
the  Athenians  had  always  been  accustomed  to  reside  in  the  country. 
Such  a  life  had  been  characteristic  of  them,  more  than  of  any 
other  Hellenic  people,  from  very  early  times."     "Theseus  .... 
united  all  the  inhabitants  of  Attica  in  the  present  city,  estab- 
lishing one  council  and  town  hall.     They  continued  to  live  on 
their  own  lands,  but  he  compelled  them  to  resort  to  Athens  as 
their  metropolis,  and  henceforth  they  were  all  inscribed  in  the 
roll  of  her  citizens."  * 

iCf.  Ad.  523:  et  illud  rue  nulla  alia  causa  tarn  male  odi,  nisi  quia  propest;  quod 
si  abeeset  longius,  prius  nox  oppressisset  illi  eum  (  =  patrem)  quam  hue  revorti  posset 
iterum.    Nunc  ubi  me  illic  non  videbit,  iam  hue  recurret. 

sThe  uncle  of  Glycerium,  shipwrecked  on  Andros,  was  a  Rhamnusian  {And. 
923^30). 

« References  to  the  pistrinum  as  a  means  of  punishment  are  probably  pertinent 
here;  that  the  pistrinum  was  run  appears  from  Mo.  lG-19,  Ph.  249,  260.  Less 
clear  are  Ba.  781,  Ep.  121, 145,  Pe.  420,  Poe.  827,  Ps.  490,  494,  499,  600,  634, 1060,  1100, 
And.  600, 199,  200. 

<  The  quotations  are  from  Jowett's  translation.  See  Miss  Harrison  PHmitive 
Athem  (1906),  pp.  4,  5.  Pollux  viii.  116  explains  that  the  Athenians  called  a  special 
session  of  the  iKkkijirLa  a  KarditXirroj  iKK\7i<rla,  6ri  Kal  roifs  U  tQv  dypQv  KartKdXovv 


mtmmiti' 


Travel  in  Ancient  Times  19 

The  passages  brought  together  from  Plautus  and  Terence 
show  that  in  Menander's  day  conditions  at  Athens  were  much 
the  same  as  they  had  been  before  the  Athenians  took  Pericles' 
advice  and  moved  from  the  country  into  the  city. 

Only  once,  I  think,  is  there  allusion  to  travel  by  land  by 
night.  In  the  Amphitrno  Sosia  is  sent  forward  by  night  by  bis 
impatient  master  to  carry  news  of  Theban  victory  and  of  Amphi- 
truo's  home-coming  (153-55, 163-68,  292-310,  602,  620-22,  737, 
743) .  He  travels  solus  ( 154) ,  carrying  a  lantern  ( 149,  341 ).  He' 
fears  arrest  by  the  tresviri  as  a  suspicious  character,  and  &o<rsms 
next  day  (155-60).'  °^    ^ 

TRAVEL    BEYOND   SEAS 

Let  us  turn  now  to  consider  travel  by  sea.  The  material  is 
abundant,  but  the  passages  involved  may  be  grouped  under  a  few 
clearly  marked  divisions.  We  shall  see  that  journeys  beyond  seas 
were  undertaken  largely  for  business;  we  shall  note  much  travel 
too,  in  connection  with  war.  The  travels  of  meretrices,  or  of  their 
lovers,  or  of  those  lovers'  messengers,  will  call  for  special  atten- 
tion. It  will  be  necessary,  finally,  to  devote  a  separate  section 
to  the  travels  of  persons  who  in  their  tender  years  were  kidnaped 
or  carried  off  by  pirates  and  to  the  journeys  of  the  kinsmen  who 
spend  long  years  and  cover  great  distances  in  their  search  for  the 
loved  and  lost. 

Business  /r«wZ.— According  to  the  Asinarin  a  merchant  of 
Pella  in  Macedonia  has  been  buying  Arcadici  asini  at  Athens 
(333  ff.,  347  ff.,  397,  398,  prol.  12).  Whether  the  merchant  was 
present  m  person  to  make  the  purchase  does  not  appear.  Pres- 
ently a  messenger  from  him  enters,  prepared  to  pay  the  purchase 
money,  twenty  minae  (335,  336,  343-49,  852,  734,  369,  590, 
arg.  3).  He  comes  peregre  (449,  464,  582).  He  is  attended  by 
a  puer  (382).  He  is  at  first  cautious  and  resists  all  attempts  of 
Leonidas  to  get  the  money  from  him.    As  part  of  his  plea  Leonidas 

(i.  e. ,  down  to  the  «,rw) .    It  is  clear  that  in  most  of  the  passages  in  Plautus  and  Terence 

Jh!« ?!."".""  """'*"  °°  *^^*  distance;  it  is  also  plain  from  the  Eunuchm  (IIO,  115) 
that  the  term  may  cover  all  Attica.  ' 

„..!.^'*'  ^f'v'  "'^J-  ^*'  °-  ^' '"'«"  ^  **"'*"  *°  '"Ply  ««»  journeying  by  night 
was  unusual  ,,t  may,  however,  merely  imply  that  Ctesipho  thinks  that  his  father  would 
regard  it  as  hopeless  to  search  for  him  in  town  in  the  darkness. 


20 


Chables  Knapp 


Bays  (499-501):    Rhodo  mercator  dives  apsente  ero  solus  mihi 
talentum  argenti  soli  adnumeravit  et  credidit  mihi  neque  decep- 

tust  in  eo.  , 

In  Ba.  170,  171  Chrysalus  declares  that  he  and  his  master  s 
son  have  been  away  from  Athens  for  two  years,  at  Ephesus,  to 
collect  1,200  Philippi  due  to  the  youth's  father,  Nicobulus  (230- 
36,  249-78,  30f>-36,  352-54,  388,  389,  561,  1047).     The  money 
had  been  in  the  hands  of  a  hospes.     Chrysalus  asserts  that  they 
have  not  brought  the  money ;  they  had  after  much  trouble  secured 
it    but  as  they  were  putting  out  from  the  harbor  of   Ephesus 
homeward  bound  a  pirate  ship  started  after  them,  whereupon  they 
had  put  back  and  had  deposited  the  money  publicly  with  the  priest 
of  Diana  (278-347).     Later  the  son  had  secured  a  portion  of  the 
money  and  had  bought  this  home  (316-24).     At  325  Chrysalus 
urges  Nicobulus  to  go  to  Ephesus  for  the  balance;  the  old  man 
assents  (342  ff.,  354  f!.,  776).'    Chrysalus  warns  him  that  he  must 
take  with  him  his  son's  anulus,  as  the  symbolus  by  which  the 
money  was  to  be  got  from  the  priest  (265,  327-30).' 

In  the  Cistellaria  we  read  that  a  mercator  came  from  Lemnos 
to  Sicyon  to  attend  the  games  (157,  161,  162);  there  he  wronged 
a  woman  (158,  159,  arg.  1,  2).  He  had  gone  back  to  Lemnos 
and  had  married  there  (161,  162,  173-75,  arg.  2).  When 
his  wife  died  he  went  again  to  Sicyon  and  married  the  woman  he 
had  wronged  years  before  (100,  177-79,  arg.  6).  His  first  jour- 
ney ,  then,  was  solely  for  business ;  the  second  also  may  be  said  to 
have  been  made  for  business,  in  a  broad  sense:  at  least  it  was  not 
undertaken  animi  tantum  causa. 

In  the  Curculio  Phaedromus  sends  his  parasite  from  Epidaunis 
to  Caria  (see  p.  6)  to  get  a  loan  from  a  sodalis  there  (67  ff.,  143, 
144,  252,  253,  275-78,  arg.  1,  2).  The  parasite  had  been  sent 
nudius  quartus  (206,  207)  and  is  expected  back  hodie  (143;  in 
143,  225,  324,  325,  it  is  implied  that  a  letter  or  messenger  had 
come  froin  the  parasite  fixing  the  time  of  his  return).  In  Caria 
he  makes  the  acquaintance  of  the  very  soldier  who  had  contracted 

I  V88.  •M2S.  imply  that  Nicobulus  had  been  a  mercator,  i.e.,  a  merchant  who 
engaged  in  transmarine  commerce,  in  his  own  ship. 

«The  whole  story  of  the  depositum  and  of  the  supposed  treachery  of  the  hospes 
reminds  one  of  the  story  of  Glaucus  in  Herodotus  vi.  86. 


Travel  in  Ancient  Times  21 

with  the  leno  for  Phaedromus'  arnica  (337  ff.);  the  soldier  asks 
him  whether  he  knows  the  banker  Lyco  and  the  leno  Cappadox 
at  Epidaurus.  The  parasite  robs  the  soldier  of  his  ring  which 
was  to  serve  as  symbolus  to  the  banker  (340-60).  The'soldier 
had  been  in  Epidaurus  and  had  bargained  in  person  for  the  ^irl- 
he  had  paid  part  of  the  money  and  had  made  arrangements  to 
comp  ete  the  payment  and  the  transfer.'    He  calls  Lyco  his  hospes 

rtlo^L  \^'^^^^^  "^'^^  (^^^)-  ^^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^^i^es  from  Caria 
(5d3  ff. ). 

In  Mer.  1-110  Charinus  speaks  what  amounts  to  a  prologue 
He  had  been  engaged  in  an  intrigue  with  a  meretrix  (40-45)    for 
which  his  father  had  sternly  reproached  him  (46-73),  pointing 
out  that  in  bis  youth  he  himself  had  made  much  money  as  a  mer 
cator  (73-78).     This  talk  drove  Charinus  forth  to  seek  his  for- 
T  ^i\  !;2    79-97,  357,  358,  arg.  i.  1,  2,  arg.  ii.  1,  2).     His 
father  had  built  for  him  a  navis  cercurus,  had  bought  merces,  had 
put  all  on  board  the  ship,  and  had  given  him  also  talentum  argenti 
(86-91).     Charinus  had  gone  to  Rhodes  on  a  trading  trip;   he 
has  just  returned,   after  two  years    (11,   12,   92-97,   256,   257 
533-35),  successful  beyond  his  expectations  (93-96)    '  At  Rhodes 
he  loved  an  ancilla  of  a  certain  hospes,  bought  her,  and  brought 
her  home  (97-117) ;  about  her  the  play  turns.' 

The  Mostellaria  is  laid  at  Athens.  Theopropides,  senex,  has 
been  away  three  years  on  business  (78-81,  440,  971),  which  took 
him  to  Egypt  (439,  994).  See  also  11,  12,  25,  26,  57,  957-62, 
971-77,  arg.  2,  3.  " 

In  the  Persa  money  is  needed.  At  260-65,  323-26  Sagaristio 
explains  that  he  can  supply  this:  "my  master  has  sent  me  to 
i!-retria  to  buy  some  well-broken  oxen;  he  gave  me  money,  telling 

'  See  341-48,  432-36,  535-53. 

thl.lrlh  5  '  ^'-  ^^^'  ■^°*-  ^<  •*'"»•  109'  "*.  this  sense  is  probable 

though  there  is  no  direct  proof.    In  Epid.  395  mercator  is  used,  in  a  playful  ™s™~ 
of  one  who  has  been  buying  something  within  Athens  itself.    In  Ba^  we Z™ 

SsTa"^^","  ^'"•• """  ''"L  ""''  '"^'^  «"""'•  ^^^-^  "y  »"«  catch  ofl^evidu,.^! 
builds  castles  in  Spain:  navibus  magnis  mercaturam  faciam;    Tr.  332-  DubUeisrTB 

adfims  tat  an  maritumis  negotiis?    mercaturan.  an  venaUs  hab^nt  ubi^L'perS 

(of.  p.  24,  n.  1).    Yet,  m  Jfo.  639,  when  Theopropides  learns  that  his  son  has  bought 

a  house,  he  cnes :  eugae  I  Philotaches  patriasat :  iam  homo  in  mercatura  y^tu^!* 


kJLjifliit  ..' l^iIHijil,  if. 


22 


Chables  Knapp 


me  that  six  days  hence  a  fair  will  be  held  there.  Til  use  the 
money  for  our  purposes  and  T\\  tell  him  that  there  were  no  oxen 
to  be  bought."  Another  scheme  is,  however,  in  fact  used.  A  letter 
is  prepared,  purporting  to  be  from  Toxilus'  master,  now  in  Persia 
(460, 451, 497 ff.) ;  it  is  opened  (497) ,  and  read  (501-12,  520-27). 
The  master  is  well  and  making  money ;  business  will  detain  him 
for  eight  months  still  in  Persia,  in  connection  with  the  auction  of 
the  praeda  carried  off  by  the  Persians  from  the  town  Chrysopolis 

in  Arabia  (503-9). 

In  the  Siichus  two  brothers,  to  repair  their  fortunes  (404,  40o, 
628-31  arg  ii.  1-3),  have  been  away  from  Athens  for  more  than 
two  years  (29-31,  137,  212-14,  1-6,  99,  100,  131-36,  523)  in 
Asia  (152,  366,  367).  They  return  at  last,  each  in  his  own  ship, 
laden  with  wealth  (404-14,  505  ff.,  374-83,  435).^  In  the  Trt- 
wumrnMS  Charmides  goes  on  business  to  Seleucia  (109  ff.,  149, 
838,  839,  112,  771,  845,  901) ;  he  is  gone  two  years.  For  his 
return  see  820  ff.^ 

1  It  will  be  noted  that  trading  trips  regularly  occupy  two  years  or  more.    Yet  in 
the  Mereator  the  merchant  had  gone  only  to  Rhodes.    There  is  little  in  the  plays  to 
explain  the  length  of  the  trips.    In  Persa  504,  506,  in  the  fictitious  letter,  the  writer  is 
made  to  say  that  the  auction  will  detain  him  for  eight  months  in  Persia.     If  we  may 
lay  any  weight  on  such  a  passage,  we  shall  infer  that  ancient  business  methods  were 
rather  leisurely.    The  prominence  given  to  fairs  (see  below,  p.  2^,  n.  2)  seems  to  point 
in  the  same  direction ;  if  we  suppose  that  at  such  fairs  and  elsewhere  business  was  done 
in  part  at  least  by  barter  we  shall  be  less  surprised  at  the  length  of  business  trips.    In 
Od  3CV   415,  416,  456,  456,  we  read  of  Phoenician  ships  tarrying  for  a  year  at  Sune, 
amassing  much  substance.     See   Merry  and  Merriam  on  Od.  viii.   161-64,  Whibley 
Companion  to  Ore^k  Stiulie.s.  p.  426.    We  may  recall,  too,  the  fact  that  in  the  winter 
months  transmarine  travel  was  suspended.    It  is  possible,  however,  that  the  period  of 
two  or  three  years  postulated  by  the  plays  is  merely  arbitrary  and  conventional,  meaning 
no  more  than  *  long  continued.'    In  Miles  :^50,  m  we  have  the  strange  statement  that 
Palaestrio  had  been  slave  of  the  miles  at  Ephesus  for  three  years ;  this  means  that  it  is 
more  than  three  years  since  the  soldier  carried  the  meretrix  off  by  force  from  Athens. 
To  take  all  this  literally  is  difficult ;  the  young  man,  to  be  faithful  to  the  meretrix  all 
this  time,  must  have  been  a  monstrum  fidelitatis!    In  Hec.  85-87  a  meretrix  declares 
that  she  had  been  with  a  soldier  at  Corinth  perpetuom  biennium,  pining  the  while  for 
Athens  (so  near  at  hand ! ).    In  Hec.  420-23  Parmeno  dwells  on  the  horrors  of  the  deep ; 
for  thirty  days,  he  claims,  or  even  more  he  was  in  constant  expectation  of  death.    Yet 
he  had  merely  come  from  Imbros  to  Athens  1 

lOallicles,  anxious  to  provide  a  dowry  for  Charmides'  daughter,  hires  a  syco- 
phanta,  who  is  to  pretend  that  Charmides  had  sent  him  to  Athens  with  money.  The 
sycophanta,  thinking  himself  unheard,  seeks  to  perfect  himself  in  his  lesson :  advenio 
ex  Seleucia,  Macedonia,  Asia  atque  Arabia  (846).  This  passage  sounds  the  keynote 
of  the  nonsense  geography  that  follows  (92^-44).    See  above,  p.  12,  n.  3. 


Travel  in  Ancient  Times 


23 


In  And.  796  Crito,  an  Andrian,  arrives  in  Athens,  to  claim  the 
property  left  by  Chrysis,  his  sobrinus  (796-801,  807-17). 
Through  him  the  identity  of  Glycerium  is  established  (859^ 
923-46) .  Chremes,  her  father,  was  once  in  Asia.  Thither  his 
brother  Phania,  a  Rhamnusian  (930),  followed  him  (935),  taking 
the  young  child  with  him  (936).  A  subsidiary  motive  was  his 
desire  to  escape  a  war  at  home  (935 :  cf .  the  Glaucus  story,  Herod, 
vi.  86).  He  was  shipwrecked  at  Andros  (923,  924,  220-24),  and 
died  there,  leaving  the  child  to  the  care  of  Chrysis'  family.  Later 
the  child  had  come  to  Athens  with  Chrysis,  who  hoped  to  mend 
her  fortunes  there  (69-72). 

According  to  Ph.  65-69,  Demipho,  though  a  man  of  wealth, 
had  been  lured  from  Athens  to  Cilicia  by  glittering  inducements 
held  out  to  him  by  a  hospes  there.  Of  the  outcome  of  his  trip 
we  hear  nothing,  naturally,  since  the  play  is  concerned  rather 
with  his  brother  Chremes.  For  years  Chremes  has  been  journey- 
mg  to  Lemnos,  to  collect  the  revenues  of  some  estates  owned  there 
by  his  wife  (679-81,  787-92).  On  one  of  these  trips,  fifteen 
years  before  (1017) ,  he  had  an  intrigue  with  a  woman  in  Lemnos 
and  had  had  a  daughter  by  her.  Chremes  is  even  now  in  Lemnos' 
to  bring  this  daughter  to  Athens,  that  she  may  be  married  to 
Antipho,  Demipho's  son  (65,  66,  567  flF.,  728-65,  Pe,  3-8)- 
he  had  been  gone  a  long  time  (572-75,  1012).  When  his  wife 
learns  the  truth  she  cries  (1012,  1013):  haecine  erant  itiones 
crebrae  et  mansiones  diutinae  Lemni?  haecine  erat  ea  quae 
nostros  minuit  fructus  vilitas?' 

In  the  Hecyra  Pamphilus  goes  to  Imbros,  to  look  after  an 
inheritance  there  (171-75,  76,  77,  415-25,  359,  360,  458-65). 
If  vss.  393,  394,  which  Dziatsko  brackets,  are  retained,  his  absence 
lasted  five  months.  In  Ad.  224,  225  Syrus  declares  that  he 
knows  that  the  leno  coemisse  hinc  quae  illuc  (=Cyprum)  veheres 
multa,  navem  conductam  (cf.  278).  In  229-31  the  leno  admits 
that  he  is  taking  women  to  a  fair;='   he  hopes  to  gain  rich  profits 

1  The  Lemnian  woman,  finding  that  Chremes  was  away  from  Lemnos  longer  than 

zi'6::^:TJ^:%\T^^^^  ""  ^'  "^"^^^^^^  ^^-^  -^--  ^  ^^^-  ^ 

« References  to  fairs,  mercatus,  occur  elsewhere.    In  Ph.  837-39  Phormio  talks 
of  going  to  Sunmm,  ad  mercatum,  to  buy  an  ancilla  there.    In  Men.  27  a  Syracuaan 


24 


OSABLES   KNlff 


(231,  232,  226)  and  to  return  to  Athens.  In  647-52  Micio,  to 
tease  his  son  Aeschines,  tells  a  story  about  the  girl  whom  Aeschines 
loves  and  her  mother;  they  have  lately  moved  to  Athens,  he  says, 
and  the  girl's  nearest  kinsman  is  come  from  Miletus  to  marry  her, 
and  take  her  away  (653-55,  661,  662,  672-74,  702,  703).' 
Barnard  College,  Columbia  University 

[To  be  co7itinued] 

merchant  goes  to  Tarentum  ad  mercatum  (cf.  1112).  Of.  P«.  259,  260:  erue  meua 
me  Eretriam  mieit,  domitos  bovesuti  sibi  mercarer,  dedit  argentum,  nam  ibi  mercatum 
dixit  esse  dieseptumei  (cf.  313-26);  Poe,  339,  ;^40:  apud  aedem  Veneris  (in  Calydon) 
hodieest  mercatus  meretricius:  eo  conveniunt  mercatores,  ibi  ego  me  ostendi  volo. 
We  may  assume,  then,  that  there  was  a  fair  in  connection  with  the  ludi  mentioned  in 
Cis.  157  (cf .  Jfeii.  27  ff .) ;  this  will  account  for  the  mercator's  coming  to  Sicyon  at  that 
time.  Add  i.-*.  398:  asinos  vendidit  (sc.  Demaenetus,  a  vir  Atheniensis)  Pellaeo  mer- 
catori  mercatu ;  the  location  of  this  fair  is  not  given. 

iSome  more  general  references  to  business  involving  travel  maybe  noted  here. 
In^ls.  i:t4  ArgyrippuB,  addressing  the  lena  and  her  daughter,  cries:   mare  baud  est 
mare,  vos  mare  acerrumum ;  nam  in  mari  repperi,  hie  elavi  bonis.    Eu.  631  contains 
a  reference  to  regular  exports  (exagoga)   from  Gyrene  to  Capua.    In  Tr.  331,  332, 
Philto,  seeking  to  learn  how  Lesbonicus  lost  his  property,  asks:    qui  eam  perdidit? 
publicisne  adtinis  fuit  an  maritumis  negotiis?  mercaturan,  an  venalis  habuit  ubi  rem 
perdidit?    The  passage  reminds  us  of  the  statement  in  Gellius  iii.  3.  14  that  Plautus 
lost  all  his  money  in  a  trading  expedition ;  it  may  involve  a  personal  reminiscence. 
Plautus'  references  to  the  monkey  (Mi.  I(i2,  179,  261,  284,  285,  505,  989,  Poe,  1072-75, 
Ru.  598-612,  Tru.  269)  are  imimrtant  for  us,  since  the  monkey  was  not  found  in  Greece 
or  Asia  Minor  ( cf .  Whibley ,  p.  23 ) .    The  names  of  slaves,  which  had  for  us  geographical 
significance  above  (p.  12,  n.  4),  have  for  us  now  mercantile  significance ;  such  slaves 
became  known  to  the  Athenians  only  through  transmarine  commerce.    A  glance  at  the 
list  of  non-Greek  products  to  which  reference  is  made  in  the  plays  will  reinforce  and 
supplement  the  impressions  made  by  pp.  19-24,  by  suggesting  movement  across  seas 
from  Athens  to  many  points  other  than  those  mentioned  in  these  pages.    The  list 
includes  resina  Aegyptia,  Mer.  139,  nmres  Africani,  Poe.  1011,  Alexandrina  beluata 
tonsilia  tapi)etia,  Ps.  147,  perfume  from  Arabia  (see  Arabia,  p.  6),  lanterna  Punica, 
Aul.  566,  the  laserpicium  of  C>Tene,   Ku.  629,  6:^0,  Babylonica  (peristromata),  St. 
378,  cloaks  from  Phrygia  (cf.  Phrygia,  p.  7),  amonmm  from  Pontus,  Tni.  539,  540 
(the  term  inyropola,  Cas.  226,  2:i8,  Tr.  408  is  now  seen  to  be  significant;  cf.  myro- 
poUum,  Am.  1011,  Ep.  199),  Chian  wine,  Poe.  699,  Lesbian  wine,  Poe.  699,  wine  from 
Leucas,  Poe.  699,  vina  Graeca,  Ru.  588,  Molossic  hounds.  Cap.  86,  Samian  wares  (see 
Samos,  p.  10)  Thasian  wine,  Poe.  699,  Tarentine  sheep,  Tni.  649.     Cf.  also  Am.  1-5, 
and  note  the  references  below  to  removals  for  business  reasons. 


TRAVEL  IN  ANCIENT  TIMES  AS  SEEN  IN  PLAUTUS 

AND  TERENCE.     II 

By  Charles  Knapp 

War  travel— A  good  deal  of  travel  was  done  in  connection 
with  warfare.  As  one  notes  the  allusions  in  Plautus  and  Terence 
to  the  miles  gloriosus  or  to  the  young  men  who  go  campaigning, 
he  recalls  the  expeditions  described  in  the  Greek  historians,  and 
begins  to  realize  the  extent  to  which  the  citizen  soldiery  of  Athens 
and  the  soldier  of  fortune  became  acquainted,  through  wars,  with 
the  outside  world. 

According  to  the  Captivi  the  Aetolians  are  at  war  with  the 
Eleans  (24,  25,  58  ff.,  93-96,  246,  330,  etc.).  The  Aetolians  had 
made  a  raid  into  Elis  and  had  taken  many  prisoners;  the  Eleans, 
too,  had  taken  captives.  Among  the  latter  is  Philopolemus! 
Hegio's  son  (24-26,  94-102,  330-36,  etc.).  Hegio  buys  Elean 
captives,  hoping  to  find  some  one  for  whom  he  can  exchange  his 
son  (27-34,  110-15,  125-27,  508-13,  752,  767).  With  two  of 
the  captives  thus  purchased  the  play  is  concerned  (27-34,  98-101 
110-15,  etc. ) .  Presently,  by  arrangement  with  Hegio,  one  of  the 
captives  departs  for  Elis  to  effect  the  desired  exchange  (330-413, 
432-38,  449 ff.,  etc.).  He  succeeds  in  his  mission,  brings  back 
Hegio's  captive  son,  and  returns  to  Aetolia,  all  in  one  dav  f  872- 
94,  922-1029).'  ^  ^ 

In  Cur.  438-48  Curculio  explains  why  the  miles  has  not  come 
m  person  for  the  meretrix:  "It  is  only  three  days  since  the  soldier 
and  I  arrived  in  Caria  from  India;  he  stayed  there  to  have  a 
statue  of  himself  ....  set  up  to  commemorate  his  exploits 
because  Persas,  Paphlagonas,  Sinopas,  Arabos,  Caras,  Cretanos,' 
Syros,  Rhodiam,  atque  Lyciam,  Perediam  et  Perbibesiam,  Cen- 
tauromachiam  et  Classiam  Unomammiam,  Libyamque  oram  om- 
nem,  omnem  Conterebromniam,  dimidiam  partem  nationum  usque 
omnium  subegit  solus  intra  viginti  dies."     The  parasite  talks  in 

» In  the  Amphitruo  constant  reference  is  made  to  war  between  Thebes  and  the 
Teloboae  (188-262,  lOCMl,  41^19,  etc.).  ™ 

[Classical  Philology  II,  July,  1907]         281 


'I 


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:( 


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282 


Charles  Knapp 


the  spirit  of  the  miles  gloriosus ;  Lyco's  comment  is  nugas  blatis 
(452).*  In  392-400  the  parasite  is  hailed  as  unoeuhis;  in  505, 
543,  546  he  is  luscus.  Cf.  his  explanation:  catapulta  hoc  ictum 
est  mihi  apud  Sicyonem  (394) ;  in  399,  400  he  hints  that  he  had 
suffered  thus  ob  rem  imblicam,  though  Lyco  suggests  a  different 

explanation  in  395,  396. 

According  to  Ep.  46,  206,  271,  272,  414-16,  508,  509,  Stra- 
ti[>[Kjcles  has  been  with  the  Athenian   army  on  a  campaign  to 
Thebes;  meanwhile  he  sent  letters  repeatedly  to  Athens  (see  below, 
under  '^Letters'').     For  his  return  see  41  ff.,  104  ff.,  156,  157, 
414-16,  for  his  slave's,  1-24.     See  also  273.     The  army,  too,  is 
back,  disbanded  (208-12);  the  streets  are  full  of  soldiers,  arma 
and  iumenta  (209),  and  captives  (210,  211).     People  are  out  to 
greet  their  sons  (211,  212);  the  meretrices  are  welcoming  the 
soldiers  (213-22,  236-53) .     At  Thebes,  8tratipiK)cles  had  bought 
a  captive  from  the  booty  of  this  campaign,  for  forty  minae  (43- 
46,  51-52  CI,  64  74,  90  a-93,  122,  123,  646,  etc.).     To  pay  for 
her  he  had  borrowed  money  from  a  danista  at  Thebes  (53,  54,  71, 
251-54).     The  danista  has  come  with  him  to  Athens  to  get  his 
money  (55) ;  he  keeps  the  girl  until  he  receives  his  money  (607, 
608,  620-34,  646,  647).'     At  526  Philippa  enters,  looking  for  her 
daughter  (the  captive  referred  to  above).'     At  634 ff.  Epidicus 
recognizes  the  captive  instantly  as  daughter  of  Periphanes,  father 
of  Stratippocles.* 

» The  parasite  had,  in  fact,  not  been  with  the  miles  at  all ;  yet,  behind  the  exag- 
geration  of  his  utterance  and  that  underlying  similar  passages  (Afi.  24,  25,  44-46,  52, 
63)  lies  the  truth  that  devotion  to  warfare  caused  many  a  man  to  journey  widely. 

2  We  have  here  two  motives  for  travel  combined,  war  and  business ;  cf .  again  the 
letter  in  Persa  5aV8.  Thucydides  (vi.  31.  5)  reckons  as  part  of  the  outlay  on  the 
original  Sicilian  expedition  the  things  which  ^iri  iura^\v  t«  ^  ffrparnbrjit  fj  tiiropot 
lx«i'  ^irXet.  Cf.  his  account  in  vii.  13.  2  of  desertions  and  other  misconduct  on  the 
part  of  those  who  had  joined  the  expedition  inrb  f/^eydXov  fxicrSoO  rb  xpSnov  irapO^vrtt 
Kid  ol6^poi  xpVt^ri€iffeaL  ^oXXor  i)  ^x^taBai.  Some  of  them  had  deserted  to  SjTacuse, 
some  had  run  away  into  Sicily ;  elal  5'  ot  /co(,  ovrol  ifxroptvbfuvoiy  ivSpdwoSa  'TicKopt/cA 
drr€fi^iPdaai  irwkp  <r0u»i'  Trtl<rarr€%  roift  rpiripdpxovs  rijtf  dxpiptiav  tow  vavTiKOv  d^iJpiji^ai. 

»Cf.  532,  561,  562,  602. 

4  The  explanations  attending  the  d¥ayv(ll>pi(ns  throw  more  light  on  travel.  Peri- 
phanes had.  years  before,  been  in  Epidaurus.  There  mulierem  (PhiUppa)  compres- 
eerat ;  of  this  union  a  child  had  been  born,  our  captive,  Telestis  (see  636,  636,  540-42, 
650-61).    Telestis  sata  est  Epidauri,Thebi8nata  est  (636,  636).     Prom  554-^7  we  nfer 


■naeg.:  a„. I, 


-  "■■I, mill 


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283 


The  Eunuchus  contains  more  evidence  of  travel  beyond  seas 
than  does  any  other  play  of  Terence,  because  two  familiar  motives, 
the  miles  and  his  amours  and  the  kidnaped  child  (pp.  286-89),  are 
combined.  The  miles  brags  (397ff.)  about  his  services  to  an 
unnamed  rex  (cf.  401-8).  In  410  ff.  he  says:  invidere  omnes  mihi, 
mordere  clanculum  ....  verum  unus  tamen  inpense,  elephantis 
quem  Indicis  praefecerat.  Once  at  this  king's  court  he  had  routed 
in  a  duel  of  wits  a  Rhodian  soldier  (420-28).  At  759  it  appears 
that  our  miles,  though  now  in  Athens,  is  a  i)eregrinus.  He  had 
gone  from  Athens  to  Caria;  on  his  way  back  he  stopped  at  Rhodes, 
in  time  to  buy  the  girl  in  whom  Thais  is  interested  (125-36).' 

Somewhat  akin  to  journeys  on  errands  connected  with  war  is 
travel  by  legati  publice  missi.     In  the  Miles  a  soldier  carries  off 

that  Epidaurus  was  the  patria  of  Philippa ;  why  or  when  she  went  to  Thebes  the  play 
does  not  indicate. 

Yet  other  indications  of  travel  belli  causa  are  seen  in  this  play.  At  153-65  we  read 
of  a  miles  Euboicus  now  in  Athens,  at  299, 300  of  a  miles  Rhodius  also  there  (cf.  437  ff.). 
In  449-62  the  Rhodian  refers  to  Periphanes  as  nempe  quem  in  adulescentia  memorant 
apud  reges  armis,  arte  duellica  divitias  magnas  indeptum?  In  492  he  says  to  him: 
bellator,  vale.  In  431-47  Periphanes  alludes  to  his  own  youthful  career  as  a  soldier, 
quite  in  the  spirit  of  the  miles  gloriosus.  Indeed,  in  this  talk  K.  Schmidt  {Hermes 
XXXVII,  pp.  202,  203)  finds  the  explanation  of  the  puzzling  term  Platenius,  added  to 
the  name  Periphanes  in  438,  448  (he  connects  Platenius  with  TrXdrrw  =  fingo :  "  Unser 
Periphanes  gehort  also  zum  Geschlecht  der  nXd^atwt,  der  '  Prahlhanse,'  wie  Theo- 
doromedes  zum  genus  Polyplusium"). 

In  Ps.  1169-71  Harpax,  now  in  Athens,  explains  that  he  had  been  domi  impe- 
rator  summus,  but  that  the  soldier  by  his  prowess  had  captured  him  in  battle. 

*Less  specific  references  to  foreign  military  servic*  are  common.  Mo.  129-32 
seem  to  imply  that  going  out  ad  legionem  was  the  normal  thing  as  a  boy  came  to 
early  manhood.  At  Athens  the  adulescens  served  first  at  home  as  ephebus.  Then 
came  his  foreign  service.  In  Ad.  496,  496  Hegio  says  of  himself  and  the  girl's  father : 
una  semper  militiae  et  domi  fuimus.  Young  men  often  go  militatum,  in  militiam,  or 
threaten  to  do  so,  or  their  friends  fear  they  will  go  off  thus.  In  the  Heauton  Clinia  is 
driven  in  militiam,  in  Asiam,  by  his  father  (93-117,  etc.) ;  he  returns,  however,  after 
three  months  (118).  In  486-89  Chremes  tells  Menedemus  that  under  certain  circum- 
stances CUnia  will  threaten  to  go  off  again  (cf.  480,  543,  544).  See  also  754-56,  924-29. 
Menedenms  in  his  youth  had  gone  soldiering  in  Asiam,  because  he  was  poor  (110-12). 
From  Ad.  274,  275  we  see  that  Otesipho  has  talked  of  running  off  e  patria.  At  384,  386 
Demea  says:  videre  videor  iam  diem  ilium,  quom  hinc  egens  profugiet  (Aeschinea) 
aliquo  militatum.  In  Tr.  595-99  Stalagmus  declares  that  if  his  master  loses  the  ager, 
he  will  have  to  turn  soldier,  for  ecfugiet  (erus)  ex  urbe  ....  latrocinatum,  aut  in 
Asiam  aut  in  Ciliciam.  Cf.  698-703,  719-26.  In  Mi.  72-77  the  soldier  declares  that  at 
the  request  of  king  Seleucus  he  had  enrolled  latrones ;  at  947-50  he  states  that  he  had 
sent  his  parasite  with  these  latrones  to  Seleucus.  Of.  also  Poe.  663  ff . :  nam  hie  latro 
in  Sparta  fuit,  ut  quidem  ipse  nobeis  dixit,  apud  regem  Attalum.  See  further  Brix  on 
Tr.  699,  3ft.  499. 


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284 


Chables  Knapp 


Tbavel  in  Ancient  Times 


285 


a  meretrix  from  Athens  to  Ephesus,  while  the  girPs  Athenian 
lover  is  away  at  Naupactus  as  legatu8(102,  103,  arg.  i.  3,  ii.  1-3). 
In  St.  470  ff .  Epignomns  declines  to  invite  the  parasite  to  dinner, 
because  he  is  to  have  as  guests  oratores  populi,  summates  viri 
(nine  in  number:  487,490);  Ambracia  veniunt  hue  legati  pub- 
lice  (490,  491).  In  Tru.  91,  92  Diniarchus  says:  nam  ego 
Lemno  advenio  Athenas  ....  legatus  quo  hinc  cum   puplico 

imperio  fui.* 

Travel  bij  meretrices,  f^/c— Voluntary  or  involuntary  journeys 
by  meretrices,  usually  in  the  company  of  a  miles,  are  not  infre- 
quently mentioned.     In  the  Miles  a  soldier  takes  a  meretrix,  a 
woman  ingenua  et  libera  (arg.  ii.   1),  by  force  from  Athens  to 
Ephesus.     Her  lover  was  at  Naupactus,  as  legatus.     His  slave  sets 
out  from  Athens  to  carry  to  him  news  concerning  the  meretrix 
(114-19),  but  is  captured  by  pirates,  taken  to  Ephesus,  and  given  to 
the  soldier  (118-20,  arg.  i.  3-4,  arg.  ii.  4-6).     He  sends  a  letter 
to  Athens,  to  his  master,  by  quidam  mercator  (129-31,  arg.  i.  5, 
arg.  ii.  7);  the  master  comes  to  Ephesus  (95-137,  arg.  i.  0,  7,  ii. 
4-9).      He  tarries  at  the  house  of  a  paternus  hospes  (135,  635, 
674-76,  etc.).     The  scheme  by  which  the  Athenian  sought  to 
recover  the  meretrix  is  for  us  suggestive;  it  consists  in  the  asser- 
tion that  her  twin  sister,  with  her  lover  and  her  mother,  had  also 
come  from  Athens  (287-347,383-85,  411-14,  etc.).    The  Athenian 
recovers  the  meretrix;  with  the  slave  the  lovers  go  back  to  Athens 
(936-39,  1097  1103,  1145,  1146,  1184-93,  1311  ff.). 

In  the  Bacchides  Mnesilochus,  while  on  a  business  trip  to 
Ephesus,  stops  at  Samos  (472),  and  there  loves  a  meretrix, 
Bacchis.  After  his  departure  a  soldier,  a  peregrinus  (1009), 
bargains  with  her  for  a  year  (42-46,  58-61, 104,  222-27,  573-76, 
706,  1096-98),  and  takes  her  to  Athens  (574).  Mnesilochus 
hears  of  this  and  sends  a  letter  to  a  friend  at  Athens,  begging 
him  to  find  Bacchis  (389-91,  188-9(>,  200,  367,  390,  391 ) .  When 
the  play,  as  we  have  it,  begins,  Bacchis  has  but  just  arrived  in 
Athens  (94-106,  473),  but  is  eager  to  return  to  Samos  (43), 
supposing,  no  doubt,  that  Mnesilochus  will  look  for  her  there.  At 
Athens  she  had  found  her  sister,  of  like  name  and  trade  with  her- 

101.365,356,127,184,185. 


self ;  by  permission  of  the  soldier  she  goes  to  visit  that  sister  and 
then  refuses  to  leave  her.  The  soldier  declares  that  unless  she 
returns  his  money  he  will  take  her  to  Elatia,  in  Phocis  (589-91). 

In  3fer.  644  ff.  Charinus,  in  despair  about  his  love  affairs, 
declares  that  he  will  exile  himself  from  Athens:  quam  capiam 
civitatem  cogito  potissimum :  Megares,  Eretriam,  Corinthum,  Chal- 
cidem,  Cretam,  Cyprum,  Sicyonem,  Cnidum,  Zacynthum,  Lesbiam, 
Boeotiam.  In  857-63  he  announces  that  he  will  find  his  love  or 
die.  In  932  ff. ,  in  a  passage  which  seems  to  be  a  parody  of  some 
tragedy,  he  talks  as  if  wholly  insane,  declaring  that  he  will  go  in 
his  search  first  to  Cyprus  (933),  then  to  Chalcis  (939).  Indeed, 
in  his  delirium  he  fancies  himself  at  these  places  in  turn;  at 
Chalcis  he  meets  a  hospes  from  Zacynthus,  who  tells  him  that  the 
girl  is  in  Athens  (940-45).     Thither  he  returns  (946,  947). 

The  Pseudolus  is  laid  in  Athens.  A  Macedonian  soldier  (51, 
34(),  1152,  1209,  1210)  had  been  in  Athens  (51-53,  616-19), 
had  bought  a  meretrix,  paying  the  purchase  price,  save  five  minae, 
and  had  then  left  Athens,  with  the  understanding  that  the  girl 
should  be  delivered  to  his  messenger  when  the  latter  came  with 
the  five  minae  and  a  proper  symbolus  (51-59,  344-46,  616-19, 
etc.).  The  soldier  seems  now  to  be  in  Sicyon  (995,  996,  1098, 
1173-75).  Presently  his  cacula,  Harpax,  comes  to  get  the  girl. 
Pseudolus  outwits  him,  gets  the  all-important  symbolus,  and  hires 
a  sycophanta  to  play  the  r6le  of  Harpax  (this  sycophanta  was  a 
slave  who  only  the  day  before  had  come  for  the  first  time  to 
Athens,  from  Carystus:  727-30,  737).  At  993-96  the  Pseudo- 
Harpax,  who  is  come  to  get  the  girl,  urges  the  leno  to  make  haste, 
because  on  the  next  day  he  must  be  at  Sicyon.  At  1173  the  real 
Harpax  appears;  he  explains  that  he  had  left  Sicyon  two  days 
before;  at  this  Ballio  exclaims:  strenue  hercle  iisti  (1175).* 

'Some  incidental  references  to  travel  in  connection  with  love  affaire  may  be 
grouped  here.  In  the  Truculentus  the  arrival  in  Athens  of  a  miles  Babyloniensis, 
lover  of  the  meretrix,  is  momentarily  expected  (84,  85,  41:^,  417,  474,  203,  204).  A  mes- 
sage from  him  has  come  (203,  204).  He  arrives  presently  (482),  after  an  absence  of 
nine  or  ten  months  (595,  5%).  In  Cis.  578,  579  Gymnasium's  mother,  in  a  lie,  declares 
that  the  meretrix  Melaenis  avecta  est  peregre  hinc  habitatum.  Lampadio  replies: 
quo  avecta  est,  eo  sequemur  (580).  The  events  of  the  Rudens  spring  out  of  the  leno's 
attempt  to  move,  with  all  his  possessions,  including  the  meretrices,  from  Cyrene  to 
Sicily  (49-63,  etc.).    Thais'  mother,  though  a  Samian,  was  resident  in  Rhodes  (Eun. 


I    i' 


'  .» 


11, 


-\ 


^Hitsm 


286 


CIhables  Enapp 


i' 


Travels  of  kidnaped  children.— We  turn  now  to  consider 
the  travels  of  persons  stolen  in  childhood  by  runaway  slaves  or 
carried  off  by  pirates  and  kidnapers  (praedones) ;  such  persons 
sometimes  undergo  remarkable  experiences.  Years  afterward 
their  kinsmen  journey  widely  in  search  of  them. 

Of  the  two  captives  with  whom  the  Capiivi  has  primarily  to  do, 
one,  Tyndarus,  was  in  reality  son  of  Hegio ;  twenty  years  before 
(980)  a  runaway  slave  had  carried  him  off  to  Elis  and  had  sold 
him  into  slavery  there.  Philocrates,  while  in  Elis  seeking  to 
effect  an  exchange  of  prisoners,  happens  on  this  slave  and  brings 
him  to  Aetolia ;  through  him  the  identity  of  Tyndarus  is  estab- 
lished (759-61,  873-76,  880,  4-10,  972-92,  1010-U,  17-23). 

In  the  Poenuhis  a  boy  stolen  from  Carthage  when  seven  years 
old  is  brought  to  Anactorium  in  Acamania  and  thence  to  Calydon 
in  Aetolia  (64-67,  72,  arg.  1-3).  The  boy  is  sold  (73,  74) ;  the 
purchaser  presently  adopts  him  (76,  77,  1038,  1056-77).  In 
896  ff.  Syncerastus  exi^ains  how  his  master,  the  leno,  had  bought 
two  sisters  and  their  nurse  at  Anactorium,  de  praedone  Siculo 
(897)  ;*  the  man  who  sold  them  had  explained  that  they  had  been 

107) ;  hence  Thais  came  to  Athens  with  a  lover  (119, 120).  In  Ph.  510,  511  the  leno  de- 
dares  that  he  has  sold  Painphila  to  a  miles  (5:J2) ;  she  is  to  go  from  Athens  (517,  518, 
548).  IMiaedria  declares  that  he  will  follow  her  to  the  ends  of  the  earth  (64f^54).  In 
Hec.  8J>-»7  we  learn  that  a  meretrix  has  been  for  two  years  with  a  soldier  at  Corinth, 
pining  all  the  time  for  Athens  (88-9:^).  In  Cis.  14:i,  144  there  is  a  reference  to  an 
amator  peregrinus  of  a  Sicyonian  meretrix. 

Of  value  also  to  us  is  such  a  passage  as  Kp.  279,  280,  where  Epidicus  urges  Peri- 
phanes,  after  he  buys  the  girl,  to  remove  her  aliquo  ex  urbe.  So  at  470  Periphanes, 
thinking  he  has  sold  this  girl  to  a  miles,  bargains  that  the  miles  shall  take  her  ex  hoc 
agro.  In  Mer.  :«V55Charinus  fears  that  if  his  father  shall  learn  the  truth  about  the 
ancilla,  trans  mare  hinc  veuum  asportet.  In  And.  381,  382  Davus  tells  Pamphilue 
that,  if  he  holds  out  against  marriage  because  of  Glycerium,  his  father  inveniet 
aliquam  caustim  quam  ob  rem  (earn)  eiciat  oppido. 

1  Certain  passages  show  how  common  piracy  was,  though  they  do  not  involve  ac- 
tual carrying  off  of  child  or  adult.  In  Tr.  1087-89  Charmides,  who  has  just  returned 
from  Asia,  says:  ego  misernimeis  periclis  sum  per  maria  maxuma  vectus,  capital! 
periclo  per  praedones  plurumoe  me  servavi,  salvos  redii.  In  Mtnt.  441,  442,  after  Ero-  - 
tium  has  induced  Menaechmus  II  to  enter  her  house,  Messenio  exclaims :  periit  probe : 
ducit  lembum  dierectum  navis  praedatoria.  Of.  344,  345.  An  excellent  commentary 
on  these  passages  may  be  found  in  the  Bacchides,  in  the  story  told  by  Chrysalus  about 
the  pirate  ship  (p.  20).  To  the  old  man  the  story  so  glibly  told  seemed  wholly  pos- 
sible and  reasonable ;  he  raises  no  objection  whatever  to  it.  See  also  Ps.  895, 1029, 
Tru.  110,  frag.  37,  Men.  1015. 

This  passage  from  the  Bacchides  seems  to  show  also  that  pirates  were  at  times  in 
league  with  presumably  honest  folk;  cf.  282:  is  (navis)  erat  communis  cum  hospite 


Travel  in  Ancient  Times 


287 


stolen  from  Carthage  (84-95).  The  girls  were  ingenuae  (894- 
900,  1187-90,  1239  flF.,  1391-93).  Milphio  is  delighted  at  Syn- 
cerastus'  story,  for  his  master  too,  Agorastocles,  he  says,  had 
been  stolen  from  Carthage.  See  also  901-4,  986,  987.  Presently 
enters  Hanno,  a  Carthaginian.  He  has  a  hospes  at  Calydon ;  to 
him  or  to  his  son  he  is  bringing  a  tessera  hospitalis  (955-58, 
1047-52).     The  account  in  the  prologue  (104  flF.)  is  instructive: 

sed  pater  illarum  Poenus,  posquam  eas  perdidit, 
mari  te<rraque>  usquequaque  quaeritat. 
ubi  quamque  in  urbem  est  ingressus,  ilico 
omnis  meretrices,  ubi  quisque  habitant,  iuvenit; 
dat  aurum,  ducit  noctem,  rogitat  postibi 
unde  sit,  quoiatis,  captane  an  surrupta  sit, 
quo  genere  gnata,  qui  parentes  fuerint. 
ita  docte  atque  astu  filias  quaerit  suas.' 

At  1082  flF.,  after  Hanno  has  recognized  Agorastocles  as  his 
nephew,  he  asks  him  to  go  back  to  Carthage ;  he  offers  to  restore 
to  him  all  his  father's  property.  In  1419-21,  in  the  exitus  alter 
of  the  play,  Agorastocles  talks  of  going  to  Carthage,  when  he 
shall  have  auctioned  oflF  his  possessions  at  Calydon  (cf.  the  close 
of  the  Menaechmi) . 

In  the  Rudens  Daemones,  an  Athenian,  impoverished  by  his 
generosity,  is  resident  in  Cyrene,  in  voluntary  exile  (33-39)  ; 

et  praedonibus.  In  the  Miles  the  praedones  who  capture  the  slave  give  him  to  the 
soldier  (arg.  i.  2-4,  114-20).  On  the  whole  subject  cf.  E.  Zarncke  Parallelen  zur 
EntfUhrungsgeschichte  in  Miles  Gloriosm  (Bonn,  1883). 

lit  will  be  noted  that  the  stolen  children  were  usually  girls;  they  were  regularly, 
too,  in  actual  life,  converted  into  meretrices.  In  Cur.  494^98  the  parasite  says  to  the 
leno :  egon  ab  lenone  quicquam  mancupio  accipiam,  quibus  sui  nihil  est  nisi  una  lin- 
gua qui  abiurant  si  quid  creditum  est?  alienos  mancupatis,  alienos  manu  emittitis 
alienisque  imperatis,  etc.  Here  the  masculine  is  due  to  the  generalizing  form  of 
the  statement.  Cf.  620.  In  the  Poenulus,  after  Agorastocles  had  referred  to  the 
fact  that  he  had  been  kidnaped,  Hanno,  who  overhears,  exclaims  (988,  989) :  pro  di 
immortales!  plurumei  ad  illunc  modum  periere  pueri  liberi  Carthagini!  Yet  this 
passage  is  not  per  se  especially  significant.  He  has  been  thinking  for  years  of  his 
own  lost  daughters ;  now  he  hears  of  another  child  stolen  from  Carthage.  He  may 
well  say  plurumei,  etc.  We  may  then  set  the  passage  aside,  except  in  so  far  as 
the  very  plot  of  the  play  testifies  to  the  frequency  of  kidnaping.  I  said  above  that 
in  life  the  stolen  girls  regularly  became  meretrices.  This  is  not  always  the  case 
in  the  plays.  In  the  ivayvdpuris  the  girl  usually  proves  to  be  ingenua,  in  fact,  a 
civis:  hence  the  playwrights  take  pains  to  assure  us  that  the  girls  have  remained 
castae.    Of.,  e.  g..  Cur.  43-69,  Poe.  98-100,  281,  282,  292,  300-307, 1096,  Eun.  109-117. 


' 


«  \ 


w 


288 


Ghibles  Knapp 


there,  too,  the  youth  Plesidippus,  likewise  an  Athenian,  is  resi- 
dent (42  fF,  740  fF.,  1197,  1198,  1208).  Years  before  the  daugh- 
ter of  Daemones,  then  but  three  years  old  (744),  had  been 
carried  off  by  praedones  (40,  744,  1105,  1111) ;  a  leno  at  Cyrene 
had  bought  her  (39-41,  745,  106,  107,  arg.  3-6).  The  girl  tells 
her  own  story  in  216-19;  see  also  393,  394,  649,  714,  736-44, 
1104,  1105.  The  leno  has  with  him  at  this  time  a  hospes  Sicu- 
lus,  Agrigentinus,  who  persuades  him  to  close  up  his  affairs  at 
Cyrene  and  set  sail  for  Sicily  (49-66,  356  ff.).  He  is  ship- 
wrecked, however,  on  the  first  night  of  his  voyage  and  he  and  the 
daughter  of  Daemones  come  ashore  near  Cyrene. 

This  motive  of  a  kidnajK-d  girl  is  strikingly  employed  in  the 
Fersa.  In  a  letter  purporting  to  come  from  Persia,  from  the 
master  of  Toxilus,  we  read  (520-23)  that  the  bearer  is  bringing 
forma  expetenda  liberalem  virginem,  furtivam,  abductam  ex 
Arabia  [)enitis8uma ;  eam  te  volo  curare  ut  istic  veneat.' 

In  Eim.  109-114  we  have  the  story  of  a  girl  who  was  carried 
off  when  very  young  from  Sunium  by  praedones;  they  gave  her 
to  a  woman  then  resident  at  Rhodes,  who  began  (eam)  studiose 
omnia  docere,  educere,  ita  uti  si  filia  esset  (116,  117).*  When, 
some  dozen  years  later  (318,  526),  this  woman  died,  her  brother 
sold  tlie  girl  to  a  miles,  who  brought  her  to  Athens  as  a  present 
to  a  meretrix  there  (130-34,  229-87). 

In  most  of  the  cases  thus  far  cited  the  child  was  carried  off 
by  marauders  (praedones).  A  different  case  is  presented  by  the 
Memfechmi.  A  Syracusan  merchant  took  one  of  his  twin  sons 
with  him  to  Tarentum  ad  mercatum  (24  ff.,  17,  1116-20).  In 
the  crowds  that  had  come  to  see  certain  ludi  the  boy  wandered 
away  (31, 1111,  1112) ,  was  picked  up  by  an  Epidamnian  merchant 
(32) ,  who  took  him  to  Epidamnus  (33-36),  adopted  him  (57-61), 
and  finally  left  him  all  his  wealth  (62-68).  The  other  brother 
grows  to  manhood  at  Syracuse.  For  five  years  (234)  he  searches 
for  the  lost  one,  and  is  now  on  his  way  to  Epidamnus.  At  226 
he  appears;   at  233  ff.  his  slave  exclaims:     Histros,   Hispanos, 

I  Of.  380,  715,  545,  546,  845. 

•The  girl  was  ingenua;  her  identity  is  established  through  her  brother,  a  ci vis 
Atticus  (202-6,  515-27,  912-16,  961-63).    See  p.  287,  n.  1. 


J 


Travel  in  Ancient  Times 


289 


Massiliensis,  Hilurios,  mare  superum  omneGraeciamque  exoticam 
orasque  Italicas  omnis,  qua  adgreditur  mare,  sumus  circumvecti. 
si  acum,  credo,  quaereres,  acum  invenisses,  sei  appareret,  iam  diu. 
The  avayv(opLai^^  though  long  delayed,  is  at  last  consummated 
and  the  brothers  prepare  to  return  to  Sicily  (1151-61). 

In  Cur.  487-524  Curculio  gets  a  girl  out  of  the  leno's  power. 
At  527-31  the  leno,  soliloquizing,  tells  us  he  had  bought  the 
girl  when  she  was  very  young  from  a  man  he  had  never  seen 
since.  In  644-52  the  girl  herself  explains  that  her  mother  had 
taken  her  spectatum  per  Dionysia;  a  wind  storm  came  up,  durin^r 
which  some  man  liad  carried  her  off.  Still  a  different  case  pre- 
sents itself  in  the  Miles.  There  the  soldier  carried  otf  from 
Athens  to  Ephesus,  against  her  will,  a  meretrix  ingenua  (arg. 
ii.  1.  104-118).      He  detains  her  there  for  three  years.* 

Miscrlhnu'ous  references  to  travel. —  'Some  incidental  allu- 
sions to  travel,  voluntary  or  involuntary,  may  now  be  grouped 
together.      In  Pe.  r>95,  696  Saturio,  posing  as  a  messenger  from 

»See  p.  284,  and  p.  22,  n.  1.  In  all  the  plays  which  involve  the  motive  of  the 
kidnaped  child  the  scene  is  laid  away  from  Athens,  for,  as  Leo  notes  {PL  Forsch., 
p.  199,  n.  :i),  "geraubte  Kinder  ....  nicht  nach  Athen  gebracht  werden  sollten." 
He  refers  to  Haffner  De  PL  com.  exemiMs  Aft.,  p.  24.  Such  children  were  carried 
away  from  Athens,  as  in  the  Curculio  and  the  Eunuchus. 

Kidnai)ing  is  expressed  by  various  verbs :  by  rapio,  Poe.  arg.  4,  etc. ;  by  surripio, 
Poe.  66,  72,  Ru.  1105,  etc.  Cf.,  too,  the  adjective  surrupticius;  e.g.,  Poe.  962.  The 
passive  of  surripio  is  common,  but  we  may  note  that  pereo  serves  often  as  passive  of 
rapio  and  surripio  in  this  sense,  as  a  sort  of  terminus  technicus :  see  Poe.  987,  989,  Ru. 
:^9,  744,  nil  (contrast  fuit  ....  surrupta,  1105),  Ean.  522,  524. 

Those  who  sold  a  stolen  child  refused  to  sell  mancupio,  i.  e.,  with  a  clear  title, 
with  a  guarantee ;  they  sold  at  the  purchaser's  risk.  Cf .  Pe.  624,  525,  5:^2,  589,  655,  714- 
18.  In  Mer.  449  Charinus,  to  deter  his  father  from  buying  the  ancilla,  says :  non  ego 
illam  mancupio  accepi.  In  Cur.  400-f)4  the  leno  is  fatuous  enough  to  give  the  girl  to 
Curculio  mancupio ;  Lyco,  the  banker,  is  more  conservative,  for,  fearing  that  some 
one  may  prove  the  girl  to  be  ingenua,  he  makes  the  leno  promise  to  repay  him  his 
money  if  such  an  event  occurs  (490-92,  668  flf.,  709  fif.).  It  is  evident  that  people, 
though  they  knew  that  children  had  been  stolen,  bought  them  without  compunction 
(or  fear  of  money  loss) ;  cf.  Poe.  1391-9:1  Of  the  lenones  one  would  expect  nothing 
better.  In  Eun.  109-114  a  niercaU)r  buys  such  a  child.  In  the  Captivi  the  man  who 
purchased  a  four-year-old  boy  from  a  runaway  slave  was  a  man  of  position  and  sub- 
stance.  In  the  Menaecfimi  a  mercator  of  wealth  carries  oflF  a  lost  boy ;  in  Athens  it- 
self ( Cur.  644-52)  a  man  carries  oflF  a  little  girl  from  among  the  spectators  at  the 
Dionysia.  By  word  of  mouth  men  condemned  the  slave  trade  (cf.  the  parasite's 
words.  Cap.  98-101,  129-32),  but  in  practice  they  were  willing  to  profit  by  that  trade. 
In  a  word,  the  world  in  general  had  no  more  genuine  feeling  in  this  connection  than 
the  slave  Stalagmus  had ;  when  he  was  asked  about  the  boy  whom  he  had  sold  he  said : 
argentum  accepi,  nil  curavi  ceterum  (Cap.  989). 


( 


»  I 


111 


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290 


Chables  Knapp 


Persia,  claims  to  have  heard  that  his  twin  brother  is  in  Athens 
as  a  slave:  he  wants  to  find  him  and  set  him  free.  Toxilus 
helps  the  story  alon^r  ( (597-99):  videor  vidisse  hie  forma  per- 
similem  tui,  eadem  statura.  In  Mo.  497  the  c-host  says:  ego 
transmariniis  hospes  sum  Diapnitius.     See  also  Mm,  4U. 

In  the  Captiri  the  slave  Stalagmus  runs  away  (p.  28(5)  be- 
yond seas.  In  various  passages  a  slave  talks  of  running  away 
{Cap,  121-24,  Gas.  952,  954,  960,  Ep.  (515,  (1(54,  Mi.  582-S4,  8(51, 
Mo.  8(52,  8(58,  Ph.  190,  Her.  424,  425.  Cf.  Mm.  SO.  87-95). 
fiujitivos  is  a  term  of  reproach  {('(is.  397,  Por.  382,  Ps.  8f55) ; 
cf.  similar  use  of  fiujitan',  As.  485.  In  Vnp.  209  the  cai>tives 
scorn  the  thought  that  they  would  imitate ///r////r/  scrri. 

Removals  from  one  [)lace  to  another  are  at  times  mentioned. 
In  Poe.  93-95  a  leno  removes  from  Anactorium  to  Calydon,  sui 
quaesti   causa.     Cf.    Pe.    137,    138:    istic    leno   non    sex    menses 
Megaribus  hue  est  quom  commigravit.      In  the  Rmlrn.^  Daemo- 
nes?  im[K)verished,  goes  into  voluntary  retirenu^it   from  Athens 
to  Cyrene   (33-38).      In  the  same   play   the  leno  undertakes  to 
remove,  for  business  reasons,  from  Cyrene  to  Sicily  (49-(53).     In 
Cur.  559  Ca|)pa(lc)X  fears  that  the  banker  will  depart  exulatum, 
to  rob  him  of  his  money.     In  .1//^/.  (59-72  we  read  that  Chrysis 
removed  from  Andros  to  Athens;  neglected  by  her  kinsmen  at 
Andros,  she  hoped  to  fare  l)etter  at  Athens.     In  Kiin.  107  Thais 
declare.^^  tliat  her  mother  was  a  Samian;  she  resided,  however,  at 
RhcKles.     In  the   Hcnidon  (9(5,  (529,  (530)  we  hear  of  an   anus 
paup^rcuhi,  e  Corintho  advena,  in  Athens. 

Of  signiticance  for  us  is  the  use  of  the  word  hospes,  at  times, 
as  the  equivalent  of  feVo^,  denoting  a  friend  of  a  different 
nationality,  so  that  it  is  suggestive  of  travel  beyond  seas.  In  the 
Poeimlus  the  senex  at  Calydon  who  buys  and  adopts  the  boy 
stolen  from  Carthage  is  hospes  of  that  boy's  uncle  (75,  119,  120). 
To  that  hosiies  or  to  his  son,  if  he  is  himself  no  longer  living, 
Hanno,  the  uncle,  brings  a  tessera  hospitalis  (955-58,  1042-53). 
Cf.  esjx^cially  1047:  tesseram  conferre  si  vis  hospitalem,  eccam 
attuli,  1052:  haec  mi  hospitalis  tessera  cum  illo  fuit.  According 
to  the  Baccliidvs  Nicobulus,  of  Athens,  had  a  hospes  at  Ephesus, 
Archidemides,  with  whom  he  had  deposited  1,200  Philippi  (230, 


I 


Travel  in  Ancient  Times  291 

231,  250-94,  355,  (58(5,  958).     Mnesilochus,  son  of  Nicobulus, 
had  gone  to  Ephesus  to  get  this  money,  taking  with  him  a  sym- 
holus    (2(53-(58).     In  the  Miles  the  Athenian   lover   tarries   at 
Ephesus  apud  suom  paternum  hospitem  (135,  136  175  506  538 
555,  635,  738,  746,  752,  937).'     In  the  J/.^rca/or  th J  Athenian 
mercator  has  a  hospes  at  Rhodes  (98,  102,  104).     In  940  he  says 
he  has  a  hospes  at  Chalcis,  who  hails  from  Zacynthus.     In  Cur 
429  the  soldier,  now  in  Caria,   writes  thus:  miles  Lyconi  in  Epi- 
dauro  hospiti  suo.     In   the    Ru^/ens  the  leno  at  Cyrene  and  an 
Agrigentine  are  hospites   (the  Agrigentine  had  been  visiting  the 
Cyrenaean;  49,  50,  72,  451,  491,  500,  571,  883).     Demipho,  an 
Athenian,  has  a  hospes  in  Cilicia  {Ph.  (56-68)  f  Pamphilus claims 
to  have  a  hospes  at  Myconos  (Hee.  432,  801,  804).=* 

if >//r'/^s^— Significant,  also,  for  our  purposes  are  the  references 
to  transmission  of  letters  across  the  seas,  especially  to  Athens. 
Cf.  As.  761  ff.:  aut  quod  iUa  dicat  peregre  allatam  epistulam,  ne 
epistula  quidem  ulla  sit  in  aedibus  nee  cerata  adeo  tabula.  In 
Ba.  388-90  we  read  of  a  letter  from  Ephesus  to  Athens;  cf. 
176,  177,  190-99.  Palaestrio  sends  a  letter  from  Ephesus  to  his 
master  at  Athens  by  quidam  mercator  {Mi.  130-33,  arg.  i.  5, 
ii.  7).  Stratippocles,  on  military  duty  at  Thebes,  sent  letters 
daiy  to  Athens  {Ep.  58,  131-38:  cf.  251  ff.).  Charinus,  just 
back  from  Rhodes,  has  or  pretends  to  have  commissions  (mes- 
sages) to  friends  {Mer.  385,  374-77,  463).     Cf.  Pe.  694.     At  Ps. 

»0f  ^e.Vos  ^arpiiios.  II.  vi.  215,  etc.  In  Miles  488,  495,  510,  555  Periplectomenes 
calls  Philoconjaemm  hin  hosinUi.  This  need  n.ean  no  more  than  '  my  gu^trbut^ 
she  IS  so  closely  associated  in  his  thoughts  .ith  Pleusicles,  the  word  still  conveys  the 
Idea  of  one  who  comes  from  distant  (foreign )  parts.  conveys  the 

fh«t'ti"  'f  ^'  ^''""^^''^^  ^^^^^^  '"'^'''  '^***^''  '^^'•^"^'er,'  with  the  accessory  suggestion 

iC  ;alf  d   t  A^'        \  '  '^^'^^^^'  who  is  supposed  to  have  come  from  Persia 

IS  called,  m  Athens,  hospes.  In  Poe.  1005,  Agorastocles,  speaking  to  his  slave  of 
Hanno,  of  whose  arrival  they  are  witnesses,  and  whose  costume  is  disdnct  ve  (p  2^7^ 
says :   nolo  ego  errare  hospitem.     In  Ru.  ^  Sceparnio  refuses  to  adi^t  the'  s^p* 

m    L      ifTn^Z^'  r'T"^^^^^  Diapontius.    Cf.  also  ^,u..  8I0" 

fo:;ig':fpar;:tMsgr^^^^^^^^      '-  ^--^^-^^  -^^^  ^^^  --  «--^  ^- 

^Peregrinus  is  not  specially  suggestive  of  distance.    In  the  Andria  the  women 

o;;Tdo',t^j.^i^,Tr  ^^'^''^^''  ^'-  ^-- '''  ^^^^^-^  -  --^^--  ^ -U^ 


l! 


292 


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(M7  Harpax  brings  a  letter  from  the  soldier,  now  at  Sicyon,  to 
Ballio;  in  the  letter  is  a  symbolus  (cf.  also  669,  670,  70t),  716, 
1202, 1208).     Pseudolus  gets  possession  of  the  letter  and  through 
it  of  the  meretrix  (983-1051).     The  letter  is  read  in  998-1001, 
1009-14.     Frequent  references  have  already  been  made  to  the 
letter  which  in  the  Persn  is  supposed  to  have  come  from  Persia. 
In  ^7.  29  86  the  matrondc  express  surprise  that  no  word  has  come 
from  their  husbands,  though  they  have  been  gone  for  more  than 
tw(»  years.     They  are,  however,  still  hoping  for  a  message  (148, 
149).     In  7V.  774-77  Callicles  suggests,  as  a  means  of  getting  a 
dowry  for  Charmides^  daughter,  that  two  letters  be  prepared,  pur- 
porting to  come  from   Charmides,   now  in  Seleucia,  conveying 
money.     See  also  788-95,  815-18,  848  50,  875,  894-902,  949-51, 
986,  1002.     From  Trn.  202,  204  it  appears  that  a  letter  has  come 
from  the  soldier  concerning  his  arrival  in  Athens  (cf.  397-400, 
412,  413).     According  to  Ph.  67,  68  Demipho  was  lured  from 
Athens  by  letters  from  a  hosp'S  in  Cilicia.     In  149  reference  is 
made  to  a  letter  from  Demipho  which  is  then  in  the  hands  of  the 
IK)rtitores  (see  p.  294) ;  (leta  goes  to  claim  this  letter  (150). 

In  ML  13r>2,  13r)3  Palaestrio  pretends  to  be  loath  to  leave 
the  soldier  and  to  di'[)art  from  Ephesus ;  si  forte  liber  fieri  occepe- 
rim,  he  says,  mittam  nuntium  ad  te.  The  plot  of  the  Memwchmi 
depends  on  the  assumption  that  word  had  been  brought  to  Syra- 
cuse of  the  fate  at  Tarentum  of  the  boy  and  his  father.'  In  Cur, 
143,  225,  324,  325  it  is  implied  that  a  letter  or  messenger  had 
come  from  Curculio,  from  Caria  to  Epidaurus,  though  he  had 
gone  but  three  or  four  days  in  all.  According  to  345-48  it  had 
been  arranged  that  the  leno  should  deliver  the  girl  to  anyone  who 
brought  him  a  letter  sealed  with  the  soldier's  ring.  Curculio 
gets  possession  of  the  ring  (356-61);  a  letter  is  manufactured 
(365,  369,  370,  411-22,  545-51).' 

» still,  this  could  easily  have  been  brought  by  persons  on  the  ship  by  which  the 
father  had  gone  to  Tarentum  (24-27). 

«To  letters  sent  within  Athens  itself  references  are  made  in  Pe.  247,  1%,  248,  272 
(the  distance  covered  was  small).  In  Fs.  10, 11, 20-69  we  have  a  letter  from  Phoenicmra 
to  Calidorus.  For  the  sealing  of  letters  cf.  Ps.  706,  988,  Tr.  788-95,  Cur.  :^5^8,  Ba. 
789,  966,  Our.  423.  For  a  good  description  of  the  writing,  fastening,  and  seahng  of  a 
letter  see  Ba.  716,  728-48. 


>   I 


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293 


Summarf/.— The  foregoing  pages  amply  show  that  travel  across 
the  seas,  between  points  widely  separated,  was  common  in  Menan- 
der's  time.  For  the  most  part,  travel  was  on  matters  of  business ; 
this  remark  holds  true  even  of  travel  undertaken  to  find  stolen 
children,  for  such  journeying  was  not  undertaken  for  pleasure. 
The  traveler,  then,  for  the  most  part  goes  against  his  will,  to 
search  for  long  lost  kin,  or  he  goes  with  some  definite  motive, 
arising  out  of  war,  or  business  in  the  narrower  sense,  or  out  of 
the  intrigues  connected  with  some  love  atfair.* 

We  may  now  consider  certain  matters  connected  in  various 
ways  with  travel. 

Sedsickncss. — Seasickness  is  occasionally  mentioned.  In  Am. 
329,  330  Sosia  cries:  lassus  sum  hercle  e  navi,  ut  vectus  hue 
sum:  etiam  nunc  nauseo.  Cf.  3f('r.  387-89:  usquine  valuisti? 
perpetuo  recte,  dum  quidem  illic  fui;  verum  in  portum  hue  ut  sum 
advectus,  nescio  qui  animus  mihi  dolet.  nausea  edepol  factum 
credo;  verum  actutum  apscesserit.  For  this  Vss.  368-73  have  well 
prei)ared  the  way.  In  En.  510,  511  Labrax,  recently  shipwrecked, 
cries:  perii!  animo  male  fit.  contine  quaeso  caput.  CHAR. 
pulmoneum  edepol  nimis  velim  vomitum  vomas.- 

1  That  people  at  Athens  were  willing,  however,  to  travel  for  the  mere  pleasure  of 
seeing  new  sights,  i.  e.,  with  an  attitude  of  mind  somewhat  akin  to  that  of  the  modern 
tourist  can  be  demonstrated  by  Thuc.  vi.  24.  :i  Speaking  of  the  motives  which  made 
the  Athenians  so  enthusiastic  for  the  Sicilian  expedition  Thucydides  says :  Kal  ^fxas 
ip^wcae  Tois  wa<rtu  ofiolus  iKirXcOffai-  tois  ^iv  yiip  Trpetr^vripois  «$  1j  Karaarpof^ofiipois  ^0' 
d  llvXeov  fj  ovdiv  hv  a<f,a\etffav  /jLrydXTjv  dCvafiiv,  tois  5'  iv  r^  ijXiKlqi  rijs  re 
dToi/o-T/j   ir6d(f   6\//€us   Kal   OeupLai   Kal  eiJAirtSes  6pTes  auB'^ffeaeai. 

Now  and  then  we  get  a  fleeting  hint  of  this  sort  in  Plautus.  In  Cur.  3:^9  the  para- 
site, describing  his  meeting  with  the  soldier  in  Caria,  says:  rogat  (me)  quid  veniam 
Cariam ;  dico  me  illo  advenisse  animi  caussa.  We  may  set  here  also  the  references 
to  the  crowds  that  gathered  to  witness  the  Panathenaic  procession  at  Athens  (Mer, 
61-68,  Cur.  644-52),  games  at  Tarentum  (Men.  24-28),  and  at  Sicyon  (Cm.  156,  157). 
In  Cis.  156,  157  nothing  is  said  directly  of  the  attendance  of  spectators  at  the  games, 
but  it  was  the  presence  of  such  spectators  (bent  primarily  on  amusement,  butwilling^ 
no  doubt,  to  take  advantage  of  the  trading  opportunities  afforded  by  such  an  occasion) 
that  made  it  worth  the  mercator's  while  to  come  to  Sicyon. 

An  interesting  passage  is  Men.  247,  248.  Messenio,  using  the  freedom  allowed  to  a 
trusted  slave,  has  been  chiding  his  master  for  spending  so  much  time,  energy,  and 
money  in  a  fruitless  quest  (230-41).    He  concludes : 

in  scirpo  nodum  quaeris.  quin  nos  hinc  domum 
redimus,  nisi  si  historiam  scripturi  sumus? 
**  Why  don't  we  go  home  unless  we  are  gathering  materials  for  a  book  of  travels?" 
For  the  sense  given  to  historiam  cf.,  e.  g.,  Lucian's  ^AXrid^is  'laropla. 

2Rolfe  **Some  References  to  Seasickness  in  the  Ancient  Writers"  Proc.  Am. 
Phil.  Assoc.,  xxxiv,  p.  v,  cites  only  Am.  329,  Mer.  388  from  Plautus.    Certain  other 


H 


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295 


Portitores.—On  returning  from  foreign  i)arts  travelers  had  to 
face  the  portitores.'     In  *S7.  80()-GlJ  we  read: 

duni  percoutor  portitores  ecquae  navis  venerit 
ex  Asia,  uegant  venisse:  conspicatus  sum  interim 
cercunuii,  quo  ego  me  maiorem  non  vidisse  censeo. 
The  iK)rtitores  were  evidently  authorities  on  the  arrival  or  non- 
arrival  of  shii)s,  presumably  because  every  shi[)  had  to  report  to 
them  and  be  examined  by  them.^^     Of  the  nature  of  this  examina- 
tion we  g(^t  a  good  hint  in  Men.  lU-18:     -Every  time  I  go  any- 
where you  want  to  know  all  about  it,''  says  husband   to   wife; 
portitorem  domum  duxi,  ita  omnem  mihi  rem  necesse  eloqui  est, 
quidquid  egi  atque  ago. 

To  the  [wrtitores  letters  came  (see  Ph.  149, 150).  That  they 
broke  open  and  inspected  letters  appears  from  Tr.  788-95;  cf. 
79:5  if.:  si  opsignatas  non  feret,  dici  hoc  ixjtest,  apud  portitorem 
eas  resignatas  sibi  inspectasque  esse. 

Money  (portorium),  for  ix)rt  fees  and  tariff  dues,  I  su[)i>ose, 
was  paid  to  the  iK>rtitores;  it  would  seem  that  until  such  dues 
were  paid  nothing  could  be  removed  from  a  ship.  Cf.  Tv.  1103-8: 
curre  in  Piraeum  ....  iubeto  Sangarionem  quae  imperaverim 
curare  ut  ecferantur  (ex  navi),  et  tu  ito  simul.  solutumst  portitori 
iam  portorium:  nihil  est  morae.* 

paeeagcs  lie  eoinewhat  cIcmh*  to  our  subject ;  in  these  evidence  accuniulatcH  that  voy- 
aging? on  the  deep  was  not  viewed  as  an  unalloyed  pleasure.  In  Ha.  105,  106  the 
Athenian  Bacchis  sjiys  to  her  sister:  uti  navi  vecta's,  credo,  tiniida  es.  In  Men.  226- 
^28  Messenio  tells  how  pleasant  it  is  to  get  to  land  (but  he  has  been  traveling  for 
five  years  and  is  sick  from  surfeiting  on  too  much).  For  references  to  buffeting 
by  the  waves  see  Mi.  414,  Mo.  ^M-^M.  St.  419,  420.  In  Poe.  210  ff.  a  woman,  in  a 
canticum,  brings  navis  et  niulier  together  as  things  Uable  to  give  one  trouble.  In 
Tr  1087-89  there  is  a  general  reference  to  hardships  on  the  sea,  with  special  allusion 
to  praedones  (cf.  827,  838).  In  Hec.  415^-26  Sosia,  just  back  from  Imbros,  says:  non 
hercle  verbis  ....  dici  potest  tantum  quam  re  ipsa  navigare  incommodumst.    In 

421-23  he  continues : 

dies  triginta  aut  plus  eo  in  navi  fui, 
quom  interea  semper  mortem  expectabam  miser; 
ita  ustiue  advorsa  tempestate  usi  sumus. 
But  tnginia  dies  can  hardly  be  taken  literally.    To  the  slave  (as  to  the  meretrix,  Hec. 
85-93)  there  was  only  one  phice  in  the  world,  Athens.    Cf.  p.  286,  n.  1. 

i()n  the  meaning  of  jKirtitor  see  Norden  on  Ae^i.  vi.  298,  and  my  paper  in  the 
School  Review  XIII,  p.  49:i. 

«In  Fh.  462  Demipho  says:  percontatum  ibo  ad  portum  (i.  e.,  probably,  ad  porti- 
tores), quoad  se  recipiat.    Hec.  76,  77  is  similar. 

sTheae  bonafide  payments  light  up  certain  figurative  uses  of  portorium.    In  As. 
168  the  lena  says  to  Argyrippus:  quam  magis  te  in  altum  capeaais,  tarn  aeatus  te  in 


Tahernae. — Travelers  occasionally  put  up  at  taverns.  In 
Men.  435-37  Menaechmus  bids  Messenio  take  the  pedisequi 
(and  the  vasa)  to  a  taberna  devorsoria.'  At  557  Menaechmus 
goes  off  to  seek  Messenio;  after  a  fruitless  quest  he  exclaims 
(703):  immersit  aliquo  sese,  credo,  in  ganeum,  in  his  impatience 
substituting  the  disreputable  ijancum  [As.  887)  for  taberna 
derorsoria.     In  Ps.  058,  059  (the  real)  Harpax  says: 

ego  devortor  extra  portam  hue  in  tabernam  tertiam*^ 
apud  anum  illam  doliarem,  claudam,  crassam,  Chrysidem. 

Harpax,  departing  (600),  bids  Pseudolus  send  for  him  when 
the  hno  returns.  Meanwhile,  he  says,  he  will  dine  at  the  taberna 
and  then  sleep  (004);  cf.  001:  nam  ut  lassus  veni  de  via,  me 
volo  curare.     He  waits  in  vain  for  Pseudolus  there  (1110-20).* 

Cost n me. — Hints  may  be  got  here  and  there  of  the  costume  of 
travelers.  A  marked  feature  of  this  was  the  petasus,  the  broad- 
brimmed  hat.*  In  the  Amphitruo  Jupiter  and  Amphitruo  are 
garbed  exactly  alike,  except  that  Jupiter  has  a  torulus  aureus  sub 
petaso  (144,  145,  121-23,  131-35).  Sosia  is  distinguishable 
from  Mercury  only  by  the  pinnulae  on  his  petasus  (141-43, 
124-30,  205,  441-40,  455-58,  000,  001) .  In  443-45  Sosia  says 
of  Mercury:  itidem  habet  petasum  ac  vestitum:  tam  consimilest 
atque  ego;  sura,  pes,  statura,  tonsus,  etc.  We  must  suppose 
that  the  petasus  was  hanging  down  Mercury's  back;  otherwise 
the  tonsus  would  not  be  observable.^     Harpax,  a  cacula  militis, 

portum  refert.  ego  pol  istum  portitorem  privabo  portorio.  Cf.  also  241,  242:  porti- 
torum  (portuum,  Lindsay)  simillumae  sunt  ianuae  lenoniae:  si  adfers,  tum  patent:  si 
non  est  quod  des,  aedes  non  patent. 

JCf.  986,  987,  1035-37. 

*We  note  two  things  about  this  taberna.  (1)  It  is  tertia  extra  portam.  One  who 
remembers  how  relatively  numerous  the  tabernae  are  in  Pompeii  just  within  the 
gates,  as  in  Stabian  Street,  or  just  without  the  gates,  as  in  the  Street  of  the  Tombs, 
will  appreciate  this  passage.  (2)  The  taberna  is  kept  by  an  anus.  We  may  compare 
copa  Syrisca  of  the  Copa,  and  cum  venali  Cyane  succincta  lagona  of  Juvenal  viii.  162. 
We  may  compare  also  the  tavern  sign  at  Pompeii  which  represents  a  hostess  reckon- 
ing the  dues  of  a  departing  guest.  St.  Augustine  (De  civ.  Dei  xviii.  18)  refers  to 
hostesses. 

8  In  Tru.  697  Truculentus,  about  to  enter  the  house  of  Phronesium,  the  meretrix 
calls  it  a  taberna  devorsoria,  where  he  will  be  sure  to  get  bad  treatment.    Of.  Wroth 
in  Smith  Diet,  of  Antiq.^  s.  v.  "Caupona,"  on  the  character  of  ancient  taverns. 

*See  Smith  Diet,  of  Antiq.  II,  p.  428,  Marquardt  Privatl.  p.  572. 

»  For  this  mode  of  wearing  the  petasus  see  Smith  loc.  cit. 


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297 


wears  the  petasus  {Fs,  1186;  cf.  735).  The  sycophanta  in  the 
Trinummns  wears  an  extraordinarily  wide  petasus;  Charmides, 
who  is  watching  him,  exclaims  (851):  pol  hie  quidem  fungino 
generest;  capite  se  totum  tegit.^ 

The  pallium  is  the  ordinary  costume  of  men  in  the  plays:  (cf.  the 
term  "fabula  palliata").  It  was  sometimes  worn,  too,  on  jour- 
neys. Sosia,  sent  forward  by  night  by  the  impatient  Amphitruo, 
wears  tunicae  consutae  {Am.  iMM)  and  pallium  (294).  In  the 
Riuhms  Labrax,  the  leno,  after  the  shipwreck,  is  wearing  a  tuni- 
cula  and  a  pallium  (549,  550).  This  was  his  costume  at  the 
outset,  for  of  a  change  of  costume  there  is  no  hint;  the  shii)wreck 
kept  him  too  busy  for  that.^ 

The  miles  (or  his  messenger)  regularly  wears  a  chlamys 
{Cur.  682,  Ep.^m,  48t>,  For.  620,  (544,  Ps.  735,  963,  964,  1101, 
1139,  1143,  1184),  a  petasus  {Ps.  735,  1186),  and  a  machaera 
{Bn.  887,  Cur.  567,  632,  Ps.  592,  735,  1185,  Mrr.  926,  Tru. 
927,  627).'  In  Mer.  830-944  Charinus  talks  of  leaving  home, 
not  militatum,  but  to  search  for  his  lost  love.  His  costume  has 
its  points  of  resemblance,  however,  to  that  of  a  miles.  When 
ready  to  depart  he  wears  a  chlamys  (912).  On  hearing  that  his 
love  is  close  at  hand,  he  changes  his  mind  about  going  and  calls 
a  slave  out  to  take  his  chlamys  and  give  him  a  pallium  (cf.  912, 
913  with  922).  Presently  he  resolves  again  to  go,  and  again 
calls  for  his  chlamys  (921,  922).  He  has  a  zona  (925),  a 
machaera  (926),  and  an  ampulla  (927).* 

»Mr.  Wroth  (Smith  Diet,  of  Anfiq.  I,  p.  388)  thinks  this  was  a  causea.  In  Pe. 
155  Sagaristio  is  instructed  to  wear  tunica,  zona,  chlamys,  and  causea  while  he  poses 
as  the  messenger  who  had  brought  the  stolen  maiden  from  Persia.  In  Mi.  1178  the 
causea  is  worn  by  a  sailor. 

*  See  also  Cur.  :^55. 

8 The  machaera  marked  the  wearer  at  once  as  a  soldier  or  a  peregrinus  (cf.  Pe. 
155-67,  Ps.  917.  918).  The  Athenians  were  the  first  of  the  Greeks  to  abandon  the  habit 
of  wearing  arms  (Thuc.  i.  6.  1-^^).  Cf .  also  the  story  told  by  Herod,  vi.  :%  of  Miltiades : 
6p4u>tf  roifs  Ao\67icoM  iropiAiTos  iffdijTa  ifx®*^*'  o''f  hx^P^^^  *foi  a'XM*«  '^poo'- 
e^tio-oTo  Kal  ffipi  xpoaeXdoviri  ^inry7«^^a^o  Karayuryiiy  xal  ^dvia. 

4For  this  ampulla  cf.  Naudet  ad  loc.:  *'mo8  erat  pedes  oleo  ungere,  antequani 
calceos  induerent  (he  cites  Hesychius  in  support  of  this  statement):  itaque  peregre 
abeuntes  ampuUam  secum  portabant,  quae  oleum  in  eum  usum  suppeditaret.  Cf. 
also,  perhaps,  Pe.  134,  with  Naudet's  note. 


To  the  costume  of  Sagaristio  in  the  Persa  reference  has  already 
bee^  made  (p.  290,  n.  1).  Cf.  also  462,  463,  also  said  of  that 
costume. 

The  ornatus  thalassicus  is  described  in  Mi.  1177-82: 

facito  titi  venias  ornatu  hue  ad  nos  nauclerico- 

causeam  haln^as  ferrugineam,  scutulam  ob  oculos  laneam, 

palholun.  habeas  ferrugineuiu  (nam  i.s  colos  thalassicust) 

Id  conexum  m  umero  laevo,  exfafillato  bracchio 

praeciuctus  aliqui:  adsimulato  q.msi  gubernator  sies- 

atque  apud  hunc  senem  onmia  haec  sunt,  nam  is  pisc^itores  habet. 

We  may  assume  that  this  costume  was  worn  by  the  mercator, 
whom  Plautus  so  often  mentions.  That  it  was  readily  recog- 
nizable as  a  sailor's  costume  appears  from  Mi.  1281-83-  nescio 
quis  eccum  incedit  ornatu  quidem  thalassico.  .  .  .  nauclerus 
hicquidem  est.'  In  As.  69  there  is  a  reference  to  the  nauclericus 
ornatus,  but  no  description. 

In  the  Poennlus  Hanno,  a  Carthaginian,  comes  to  Calydon 
His  costume  1.  manifestly  distinctive;    it  is  recognised  at  once  as 
Punic  by  Milphio  and  his  master  Agorastocles    (977)    and    as 
f^l';;^^^y^^^'^^oenides,  the  miles  (1304).     He  wears  no  pallium 

1303)    so  that  Milphio,  watching  him  approach,  asks  (975)  •    sed 
quae  lUaec  avis  est  quae  hue  cum  tunicis  advenit?     He  is  called 
tunicatus  in  1121.     In  1008  Milphio  asks  him  why,  though  he 
has  no  sona  (zona),  he  has  come  to  Calydon.^     To  Antamoenides 
the  miles,  Hanno  seems  to  be  garbed  like  a  woman  (1303) 

fJ^I^TZ'-v  *™''""^  '°'""""  ""  ^''  ^"*  °'««g«'-  hints.  In 
T?  K  •  'T'  "  """^*'  °^  Epidaurus,  but  resident  now  in 
Thebes,  IS  in  Athens  looking  for  her  daughter.  As  soon  as  he 
sees  her  Periphanes  says  (533):  quis  illaec  est  mulier  timido 
pectore  peregre  adveniens  .  .  .  .    ?     Philippa  had  said  nothing 

'  The  ecntula  lanea  (Ui.  1178,  1430)  is  not  a  reeular  Dart  „t  th^  „„* 
P^udo.naucleru«  explains  (130^10) :  alris  cauasar^"  ^.^  e«o  c:u"rir;„i  J'' 
OnJe„u^neus  aee  editors  here,  MerriU  and  E..U  on  Oatu..„a?x,r^.tunr ^o 


298 


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I" 


to  indicate  that  she  was  [x^regrina.'  According  to  Pe,  157  Saturio's 
daughter  is  to  be  ornata  lepide  in  iieregrinum  modiim,  that  she 
may  i>ose  as  a  captive  from  Arabia  via  Persia.  In  464  Toxilus 
says  of  her:  turn  hanc  hospitam  autem  crepidula  ut  graphice  decet ! 
The  Memwch  m  i  presents  an  interesting  phenomenon .  Had  the 
Syracusan  Mt^naechmiis  worn  the  usual  traveling  costume,  no  one 
in  E[)idamnus  would  have  confused  him  with  his  brother,  or  at 
any  rate  explanations  would  soon  have  been  forthcoming  and  the 
chain  of  events  out  of  which  the  play  is  built  could  not  have 
ha[>pened.  Plautus  therefore  (and,  we  may  supi>ose,  his  original) 
for  this  l>lay  disregarded  the  facts  of  travi'l  and  ignored  the 
whole  matter  of  costume.      Cf.    Langen,    Planiinisvlw  Stmlinu 

pp.  148,  149. 

Pi'disniui.-—T\w  traveler  who  comes  home  from  abroad  com- 
monly has  with  him  two  p^disequi.  These  pedisequi  are  usually 
mutae  m^rsonae.'  They  are  present  on  the  stage  in  Am.  551-854, 
Ha.  :5H5  525,  Men.  22r»-445  (cf.  436,  986),  Poe.  930-1173  (see 
978-80).  i/<T.  359,  3t)0  would  seem  to  show  (what  we  should  a 
priori  ext>ect)  that  such  i)edisequi  went  with  the  traveler  from 
home  and  were  with  him  at  every  stage  of  his  journey,  for  when 
Pamphilus  says:  tu  pueris  curre,  Parmeno,  obviam  atque  eis  onera 
adiuta,  Parmeno  rejoins:  quid?  non  sciunt  ipsi  viam  domum  qua 
veniant?     Cf.  409,  429.' 

1  We  have  evidence  elsewhere  that  foreign  costumes  are  insUmtly  recoguizable  as 
mich  Cf  I)  296,  u.  3.  In  Tr.  852  Channides  s^iys  of  the  sycophanta :  Hilurica  facies 
videtur  hom'inis,  eo  ornatu  advenit.    Cf.  ako  Poe.  656,  675,  801,  Fs.  616-22,  964,  Kun. 

313-18. 

2  Sometimes  the  traveler  has  but  one  attendant.  In  .4.s.  :i82  the  messenger  who 
comes  to  pay  the  money  has  a  puer;  in  Ba.  573  ff.  the  soldier's  messenffer  has  a  puer. 
In  Tru  482  ff.  (see  5;i5)  the  miles  has  a  puer.  Cf.  also  Cur.  390,  Kp.  4,^<.  It  tne 
traveler  comes  straight  from  ship  to  stage,  he  has  two  attendants  (for  then  his  bag- 
irage  must  be  taken  care  of) :  if  he  comes  from  lodgings  in  town  he  has  but  one.  We 
may  remember  with  profit  the  fact  that  hoplites  (at  least)  in  the  Athenian  army  had 
servants  with  them ;  see  Thue.  vi.  102.  2,  and  Mr.  Spratt's  note  (p.  364,  11.  2,  3)  Poe, 
»78,  fr79  may  show  that  Hanno  had  more  than  two  i>edisequi  with  him,  but  he  had 
made  an  exceptionally  long  journey.  ,         ,  u 

On  the  other  hand  in  Mer.  852  ff.  Charinus,  who  is  resolved  to  go  from  home,  has 
no  attendant.  In  910  ff .,  when  he  wishes  to  exchange  his  chlamys  for  a  pallium,  he  has 
to  call  a  puer  from  the  house.  Finally,  beside  the  pedisequi,  a  traveler  often  had  with 
him  a  favorite  or  trusted  slave.  So  in  the  Bacchides  Mnesilochus  had  Chrysalus  with 
him ;  in  the  Mercatar  Charinus  had  with  him  on  his  two-year  trading-trip  his  one-time 
pa«dagogiw  (90,  91, 108,  109). 


Travel  in  Ancient  Times  299 

^av^a^.^_Travelers  carried  at  times  a  goodly  amount  of  bag. 
gage.     In  the  Amphitruo  reference  is  made  to  gifts,  includin/a 

T^Z^:^^?":^  '"  Amphitruo  by  the  vanquished  Teloboae 
(137-39,  2M),  20  ,  418-20,  760).  The  patera  is  supposed  to  be 
in  a  cistula  (420),  which  is  sealed  (421).  At  629  Amphitruo 
sa^^  to  bosia:  vide  ex  navi  ecferantur  quae  imperavi  iam  omnia 
Later,  Amphitruo  has  with  him  a  sealed  cistellula  ( 773-97  V 
bosia  opens  it  (787  ff.),  but  finds  no  patera  within.  ' 

A./"  ^i''  .^5'  ^^  ^^'''''  Thesprio  asserts  tliat  his  master  is  back  in 
Athens  Epidicus  exclaims:  ubi  is  ergost?  nisi  si  in  vidulo  aut  si 
in  melhna  attulisti.  In  Men.  350,  986,  1035  we  have  reference 
to  baggage  vasa.  Part  of  this  is  a  marsuppium  cum  viatico,  in  a 
vidulus  U036,  1037,  254,  255,  384-86,  701-3,  etc.);  *in  the 
vidulus  IS  a  penicul.s  (286,  391).     In  the  Miles  Philocomasium 

non  ^l^"^  ;*"  ''^'^"''  ^""^  ""'^'^  ''  '''''''  (^^^1'  ^^^2,  1099,' 
llUU,   l.:5Ul-1314,  etc.);  several  bearers  are  needed  to  carry  her 

possessions  (1191,  1301  if'.,  1427).     In  Poe.  978-81  Hanno  has 
pedisequi,  sarcinati  omnes;    they  are  so  burdened  that  Milphio 
calls  them  servi  veteres  antiquique  (they  are  bent  like  old  men) 
In   the   BiKlens   reference   is   made    repeatedly    to   a   vidulus 
belonging  to  the  leno  ( 545,  546,  936  a,  963  flP.,  988-93,  etc  )      The 
leather  covering  of  the  vidulus  is  colored  (997-1000)       Vs  1177 
shows  that  the  vidulus  is  heavy.     And  well  it  may  be,  for  it  con- 
tains much.     First  we  may  name  the  crepundia,  by  which  Palae- 
stra IS  proven  to  be   the  daughter  of  Daemones;    these  include 
ensiculus  aureolus  litteratus,  securicula  ancipes,  itidem  aurea   lit- 
terata,  sicilicula  argenteola  et  duae  conexae  maniculae  et  sucula 

n^nu  '1^'"  (^^^^^-^^)-  ^"  these  are  in  a  cistella  of  wood 
1109  1133,  389-93,  1081-86,  etc.).  There  is  money,  too,  in 
the  vidulus  (395,  396),  in  a  marsuppium  (1313-15).  For  a 
general  description  of  the  contents  see  1309-20;  they  include 
aurum  atque  argentum  magnum,  nummi  octingenti  aurei  in  mar- 
siippio,  praeterea  centum  minaria  Philippica  in  pasceolo  sorsus, 
talentum  argenti  commodum  magnum  ....  in  crumina  prae- 
terea sinus,  cantharus,  epichysis,  gaulus,  cyathus.^     Charmides, 

1  Someone  may  object  that  the  leno  is  lying,  but  (1)  the  vidulus  was  now  onen 
before  the  eyes  of  Daemones  and  Gripus,  neither  of  whom  comments  on  orTsputes 


300 


Charles  Knapp 


h 


I  i 


the  leno's  hospes,  had  had  a  sacciperium,  in  which  was  a  marsup- 
pium,  plenum  auri  (547,  548). 

In  Tr.  1105,  110^>  Charmides  refers  to  things  which  he  desires 
to  have  brought  up  from  his  ship.  In  Hec.  35U  Pamphihis  bids 
Parmeno  run  to  meet  the  pueri  and  to  helj)  them  with  their 
bunlens.  In  the  Truculentus  the  soldier  has  brought  two  ancil- 
lae  ex  Syria  (5B0-3B),  a  p^rula  (535) ,  a  pallula  ex  Phrygia  (53G, 
539),  tus  ex  Arabia,  amomum  ex  Ponto  (53U,  540),  gifts  which 
might  be  sold  for  twenty  minae  (543,  544).' 

The  passages  thus  far  cited  all  deal  with  travel  over  seas.  In 
the  Hemiton  a  meretrix  comes  from  Athens  to  stay  a  short  time 
mri  (245  tf.,  311  ft.);  she  is  bringing  with  her  much  baggage 
(245-48,  252-54,  451,  452, 739-45).'  Cf.  Hec.  Oil  f. :  et  compone 
quae  tecum  simul  (.sc.  rus)  ferantur,  said  by  Laches  to  his  wife.* 

Thdnksijivimi  bij  returned  //vuv/f^rs.— The  returned  traveler 
commonly  gives  thanks  to  the  gods  for  his  safe  return.  Cf.  Ba. 
34(>,  347 :  ubi  nunc  est  ergo  mens  ....  tilius  ?  deos  atque 
amicos  iit  salutatum  ad  forum.  In  ^7.  402-5  Epignomus  gives 
thanks  to  Neptune  and  the  Temi)estates  for  his  safe  return,  and 
to  Mercury  for  his  success  in  trading.  In  r)23  Pamphilippus  says: 
deos  salutabo  modo,  iK)ste  ad  te  continuo  transeo  (cf.  Ph.  311, 
312).  Sometimes  the  thanks  are  not  wholly  courteous,  as  in  Mo. 
431-37.  Tr.  820-38  is  the  most  elaborate  passage  that  can  be 
cited  in  this  connection;  in  838,  839  its  tone  approaches  that  of 
Mo.  431  if.  Sometimes  we  have  a  sacrifice  of  thanksgiving  or  the 
formal  payment  of  vows.  In  Am.  946-48  Amphitruo  bids  vasa 
pura  adornari  mihi,  ut  quae  apud  legionem  vota  vovi  si  domum 
rediissem  salvos,  ea  ego  exsolvam  omnia  (cf.  9tU)-r)8).  In  Cap. 
843-51  the  parasite  takes  it  for  granted  that  there  will  be  a  sacri- 
fice and  a  feast,  bt^cause  Philocrates  has  returned,  bringing  with 
him  the  slave  who  had  run  away  years  before.     The  kinsmen  of 

the  leno'8  statements,  (2)  the  leno  was  removing  his  whole  fortune  from  Cyrene  to 
Sicily  (4JK-63,etc.). 

» I  purposely  omit  such  cases  as  those  of  the  brothers  in  the  Stichus^  who  return 
home  after  two  years,  each  in  a  ship  of  his  own,  richly  laden  (374-8iJ) ;  such  passages 
have  to  do  rather  with  general  trade. 

«  For  a  commentary  on  the  things  a  meretrix  might  bring  with  her  see  Tr.  250-64. 

^In  Ba.  349  there  is  a  reference  to  mules  as  carriers;  cf.  Mo.  430,  778-82,  Ph.  561. 


Travel  in  Ancient  Times  301 

voyagers  sometimes  give  thanks  or  make  a  sacrifice  in  connection 

mlf       r,  TT^-    J"  ^P-  ^^^^"  ^P^'^^*"^^  -Pl--^^  that  his 
master  had  bidden  him  hire  a  fidicina,  to  play  for  him  dum  rem 

d  vinam  faceret,  because  his  son  was  home  again  (414-18   499 
501)^     In  St.  81.6,  397  the  wife  of  Epignom„s%ives  ordef^  for  ^ 
sacriface,  because  she  has  heard  of  his  safe  return  ' 

«W/,,,.  to  returned  travelers.-ln  many  passages  we  have 
words  of  courteous  greeting  to  a  traveler  just  returned;  these 
include  congratulations,  inquiries  after  his  health  at  present  and 
dur.ng  his  voyage.  Salvos  sis,  Mnesiloche,  salvom  te  advenisse 
gaudeo  (Ba.  4o0  ,  said  by  father  to  son,  is  typical.  Cf.  Hec. 
400-07.  also  said  by  father  to  son.  Typical  again  is  Mo.  448, 
44 J:  ere  sa  ve,  salvom  te  advenisse  gaudeo.  usquin  valuisti? 
usque,  ut  vules.  factum  optume.  How  stereotyped  the  formula 
was  may  be  seen  fron.  Tr.  1073,  1074:  o  mi  ere  exoptatissume, 
salve.      salve,  Stasime.     salvom  te   .   .   .   .      scio  et  credo  tibi. 

Senear  ^7  '^nT   '"'■"°""   ^''''  '''  ^"^  ^^^^  «»«  (««--  *<> 
senex)   W.  oOo    .  (senex,  who  is  virtually  a  parasitus,  to  his  sons- 

t"  ',ir;  .  r^'  ^'"''  ^^  ^^"'^  *''  •^"^'^-'^^  «f-  «80ff.),  Mo. 
P;.;-.  -"^.1  ,'"''"'  *°  '^"^''^'  ^'■-  11^0-82  (son  to  father), 
/-/<.  2o4-o  ,  (adulescens  to  uncle),  Ep.  126-29,  Ph.  286  (slave  to 
master),    Ph.  ,;0<.-.>ll  (slave  to  master's   brother),  Hec.  81-84 

So'Iti    -«Tlt!'  "'"'■  '^''  '"^^  ^'''''''''  *°  '""^«)'  «'•  *«5-67, 
Vl:  ;•«-'  fJ^.'n     ^P"'"'"''  ^"^  ^''^^^'  "'''■  333  (mother  to  son), 
^r,  t;'    7  iST  '^  "'""^'  "'''  *^  --q«erading  as  a  miles 
T      ^      i:^^    "''*'  *°  ''''^^)'  -^''«"'-  *«'^''  407  (arnica  to  lover  . 
in  JLun.  J7t,  Parmeno,  in   sore   distress,  catching  sight  of  his 
older  master  coming  rure,  cries:  salvom  te  advenire,  ere,  gaudeo 
In  3/*,r.  366  ff.  father  and  son  meet  after  two  years;  the  father  is 
solicitous  enough  (367,  369,  371,  387-89),  but  certain  special 
circumstances  prevent  the  utterance  of  the  usual  formulas.' 

1-^-,l^"^  ^K*"*"  ^'^'^^  "«  ""y  compare  many  others  later,  e.  g.,  Horace  Carm  i  S 

Horace  Serm  i  >>   «  •«      a       ,2:  '^2'  *''"  ""*  """duct  of  Aufldius  Luacua  in 

the"LS-;;:ie^'v1i,  pt21,T    ""'  '  *'""'  "-  "^  '"'-^"  ■-  "'  •»•-'  •- 

•Congratulationa  are  sometimes  extended  to  the  family  (see  Tr.  U78).    The  prac- 


302 


Chables  Knapp 


Banq^^et  to  returned  traveler.— It  was  usual  to  giJre  a  dinner 
party  to  one  just  returned  from  foreign  travel,  on  the  very  day 
of  his  return  (hodie,  Ba.  94,  Mer.  949,  Mo.  1129,  Pe.  710,  St 
511).     Cf.  Ba.  18t),  94:  ego  sorori  meae  cenam  hotlie  dare  volo 
viaticam  (95-102),  53f.,  537  (Pistoclerus  to  Mnesilochus:  salvos 
quom  peregre  advenis,  cena  detur),  Cur.  251-53,  384-88,  728 
(Phaedromus  here  invites  tlie  miles,  just  back  from  Caria,  to 
dinner;  still,  he  is  to  marry  the  soldier's  sister),  Mer.  98,  99 
(dinner  to  an  Athenian  at  Rhodes  by  his  hospes   there),   Mo. 
1129-34    Pe.  709,  710,   Poe  1151   (dinner  by  Agorastocles  to 
his  newl'y  found  uncle),  Tru.  127.      In  St.  587-91  the  parasite 
expresses  his  regret  that  he  is  not  rich  enough  to  invite  Pam- 
philippus  to  dinner.     In  St.  510-13  Antipho  recognizes  his  obli- 
gation to  invite  the  lirothers,  his  sons-in-law,  who  are  just  back 
from  Asia,  to  dinner  hodie.     Since,  however,  he  has  been  tore- 
stalletl  in  this,  he  invites  them  for  the  next  day.' 

Con  re,i,n,ce,i.- At  the  very  beginning  of  this  paper  I  quoted 
Blamner's  statement  that  we  need  an  account  of  traveling  vehicles 
in  ancient  times.  On  this  theme  the  plays  tlirow  no  light.  I 
have  noted  no  passage  in  which  there  is  reference  to  any  kind  of 
vehicle  as  actually  used  in  land  travel.  This  is  natural,  since,  as 
was  said  nlK>ve  (p.  UV).  land  travel  in  the  plays  involves  move- 

tice  ..t  c-ourteou»ly  Kr.eti„„  the  returned  traveler  is  in  «.„«  passages  burlesqued  (see 

""•  ^l^':^-:^^  uTptiuS:  ^y  oe  returning  not ..  departing  trav- 
elers  we  get  few  La.np.es  „f  farewells.  Still,  in  ,U.r.  659  Charinus  <>«'»■- «'a^';«- 
ffoina  home  to  say  Bo.Hl-by  to  father  and  mother  and  then  go  away ;  m  8.^0-.^,  he  bids 
Inlt^Z  n.  "well  to  his  house  (cf.  866).  Cf .  also  the  farewell  of  the  meretr,x  when 
ghelcavesthesoldieriiWi.  1311-43).  .  .  u  i, 

1  In  St.  415  Epignomus  himself  giyes  a  cena.  at  his  own  house,  hodie,  to  "h'ch  he 
Invites  Ms  father-in-law.  In  515  ff.  his  brother  decUnes  Antipho's  .nv.tat.on  for  the 
r.!^w  and  lys :  "  Co.ue  rather  to  my  house  the  day  after."  But  the  play  n.akes  .t 
Z"  thatnorovewas  lost  between  Antipho  and  the  brothers,  »»•«  »« -- »  ""f/ 
Scable  In  Heaut.  ISi  Olitipho  has  brought  Clinin  home  from  the  sh.p  to  d.nner, 
triws  dinner  would  have  taken  place  independently  of  CUnia's  coming,  m  connec- 

"""in  « 'i^S'^V  683  «.,  two  slavee.  on  returning  with  the  brothers,  have  a  cena. 
In  £».  7.'8  we  have  two  slaves  talking:  venire  salvom  gaudeo  uuid  ceteru.n  quod  eo 
adsofei?  (.«.  addi.  I  follow  A,  against  Lindsay)  cena  Ub.  dab.tur.  spondeo  .... 
quid?    me  accepturum.  si  dabis.  ^^^  oir-SO 

Here  too.  we  have  burles-iue  at  times  (see  Cur.  660,  6bl,  Ba.  184-87,  Mer.  94b-50, 
Jlfo  fo^-T,  Am.  IKWiS,  285. 286, 296, 664. 666).  The  passages  cited  just  above,  <ie«c"b.ng 
2^Z  o  the  slaves,  perhaps  belong  here.  too.  With  this  matter  o  the^--°°  ^ 
,eriou8  side,  compare  the  cena  given  to  Aeneas  and  the  Trojans,  Aen. ..  <>J7-t2, 695-,56. 


Tbavel  IN  Ancient  Times  303 

ment  only  between  some  city  and  its  portus  or  its  suburbs;  such 
travel  was  piqued  on  foot  quadrigae  are  mentioned  in  aL.  450, 
As.  279,  Aul.  OOO,  Poe.  369,  St.  291,  but  in  figurative  or  extra- 
vagant expressions.'  In  Men.  863,  865  Menaechmus  talks  of 
mounting  a  currus,  but  he  is  feigning  madness.     In  Mer.  931 

imse«  mounhng  a  currus,  and  taking  the  reins  in  hand,  but  in 

nfu^cl-  n  ?  i°  ''^''-  ^''-^2'  ^2«'  430  there  is  reference  to 
mull  chte  lam  (cf.  Ba.  349,  P,,.  561),  but  there  is  no  proof  that 
we  must  think  of  them  as  carrying  riders  too 

The  term  most  often  used  is  navis;    references  need  not  be  given 
We  find  navis  mercatoria  in  Ba.  236,  navis  oneraria  in  Poe  651 ' 

rir4?'S<.  "'  ""^''  "''""™'  ^^^'''■-  ^*'')  ""'J  ^''^«"'"«  alone 
(6/..J68,3b..:  conspicatussum  ....  cercurum,  quo  ego  me  m«- 
lorem  non  vidisse  censeo,  413incercuro,  in  stega) ;  celox  C«p.874- 
nlium  tuom  modo  in  rvirtn  ,  •  i-  ■  ..  .         /'•"•■'• 

mf^f\'     K         I'  "'°'  ''  figuratively  used;  so  too  celocula, 
m  1006);  lembus,  £«.  279,  286  ff.,  305  flf.,  958,  of  the  pirate 

todt        ^?  rf'  '       ""''''  ''■°"  ^'^°^^^'  ^'^-''t'y  ««  th«  traveler 
todaj,  m  Mediterranean  ports,  still  puts  off  in  a  rowboat  to  board 

incoming  or  outgoing  vessels.' 

In  general  the  traveler  in  Plautus  and  Terence  goes  abroad  in 
his  own  ship.  In  Mer.  86  ff.  we  read  that  Charinus'  father  had 
a  navis  cercurus  specially  built  for  him.  Sometimes,  however,  a 
ship  IS  hired  or  chartered.  In  the  Rude.^  the  leno  sets  out  from 
Cyrene  for  Sicily  in  a  navis  conducta  (57,  58).  In  Ad.  224,  225 
Syrus  says  to  the  leno:  aiunt  ....  coemisse  hinc  quae  iUu^  (to 

'  In  Am.  422  Amphitruo's  seal  is  cum  quadrigis  sol  exoriens. 

a«torr(^^;:r^re-tt-ra^--^^^^^ 

tive  exvreZoV    VnZJ  f  "«"  «>let  hortator  remiges  hortarier),  all  in  Bgura- 

Men.  4^n:r  SiSx  ^e'r-L^i^llTu^LT^ -^.Xg"-  ^  «-  ^  «     '» 


304 


Charles  Knapp 


Cyprus)  veheres  multa,  navem  conductam.  One  could  take  passage 
in  a  ship  owned  by  another ;  the  Lemnian  consort  of  Chremes  did  this 
(Ph.  571,  572,  57G).  One  could  send  a  letter  thus  {Mi.  130, 131).' 
Routes. — The  ships  of  the  Greeks  commonly  followed  the 
coast-lines.  *'The  most  imjxjrtant  route  led  northward  from 
Aegina,  Corinth,  and  Athens,  by  way  of  Euboea,  ....  Thasos, 
....  Imbros,  Lemnos,  ....  to  the  Black  Sea.^*  Here  the 
leading  traders  were  Miletus,  and  her  sister-cities,  with  Megara, 
Athens,  and,  later,  Rhodes.''  With  this  northern  route  the  plays 
have  little  to  do;  the  references  to  Euboea,  Thasos,  Imbros, 
Lemnos,  Megara,  and  Corinth  are  not  numerous.  **  Another 
important  route,"  continues  Mr.  Edwards,  ''crossed  the  Aegean 
N.  E.  by  Euboea,  Chios  (the  great  slave-mart),  and  Lesbos,  and 
so  reached  Clazomenae  and  Phocaea;  another,  bearing  eastward 
by  the  Cyclades  to  Miletus  and  Ephesus,  was  associated  with 
branch  lines  connecting  Athens  and  the  Pelopouuese  with  Crete, 
Rhodes,  Cyprus,  Phoenicia,  and  Egyi)t."  The  careful  reader  of 
the  geographical  data  collected  on  pp.  5-12,  and  of  the  accounts  of 
travel  in  pp.  19-24,  281-93,  will  see  that  the  latter  route  is  the  one 
which  the  writers  of  the  plays  have  most  frequently  in  mind,  natu- 
rally, because  they  wrote  in  the  time  of  the  Diadochi,  when  men's 
thoughts  had  been  turned  to  Asia  and  to  Egypt  by  the  achieve- 
ments of  Alexander  and  his  successors.^  "To  the  west  the  most 
im[)ortant  route  circumnavigated  the  Peloponnese  to  Leucas  and 
Corcyra,  and  thence  struck  across  to  Italy,  Sicily,  and  beyond." 
For  this  route,  too,  the  plays  supply  abundant  evidence.  Finally, 
we  may  note  that  the  Pornulus  {X)ints  to  a  regular  route  from 
Carthage  (and  other  African  [)oint8)  to  western  Greece,  as  the 
Rmlrns  (629-31)  points  to  movement  between  Cyrene  and  Capua.* 
Barnard  College,  Columbia  University 

» In  Mer.  74,  75  a  ship  is  referred  to,  metretas  quae  trecentas  tolleret. 

2H.  .1.  Edwards,  in  Whibley's  Companion  to  Oreek  Studies^  p.  428. 

«Cf .  Naudet  on  Mer.  i.  1.  7G.  Philippi,  Philippei  (nummi)  in  expressions  of  money, 
point  the  same  way ;  of.,  e.  g.,  Poe.  166,  166,  415,  558,  781,  Tr.  955  966,  1168,  etc. 

*  There  is  very  little  in  the  plays  that  throws  light  on  the  rate  of  travel,  and  to  that 
little  reference  has  already  been  made.  For  Harpax's  quick  journey  from  Sicyon  to 
Athens  see  p.  16,  n.  1 ;  for  the  parasite's  journey  from  Epidaurus  to  Caria  see  0.  6,  n.  1 
(latter  part).  If  Caria  is,  as  I  have  maintained  in  that  note,  the  district  in  Asia,  the  time 
given  for  the  round  trip  between  Epidaurus  and  Caria  is  entirely  too  short.  But,  as  I 
have  argued  there,  we  are  not  to  take  Plautus  here  seriously. 


Index  t0  a  Paper  on  TraTol  In  Ancient  Tlxee  ai  eeea 
in  Pi  utuB  and  Terence^   \y  CJy  rlrr  ^n?^pr« 


Acc^TJi^acy     t>f  tlamtiiyi^  ^na  ?«renti.i*n  geography  :sed  Gaopraphy 

AeoTP'^'-'^fif    r«ftrftnccs  to    ^5. 
Aiap>iltrii.a,f:#ruimE  in  ,14  1,1  (e<|  pixB-H 

•ttpullaCfcir  iiii)  cerriifid  dj  Ir-weler  .isy«  i!i,4. 

7 


Apulia,   references  te   ,il» 
AsiaitradiAg   cripai  to,14» 

At'  enae,ref«r«nceo  ti>,S»9;to  PjLraiiUi5,9;norm£tl  site  of  pic;''©, 3  IJ.1,4  K 
Ijilxe  nf  all  ler«nee»«  i>l«yj4,-i,3-4,4  IT.ljaite  of  12  of  Plaii- 

tua*  play«,2-aiportrajraji  qI  ,iii  PiautUc  iuia  f^rcnc^^  oor  ectplS- 


carritd 
Bm.gg'*iGe  awrrt^.  oirer  3€sa.ii,29S-i>00;ln  or  aear  A-}iene,300. 

BanciU^t  'ta  ret'La'TiecL  traTeier 


Biirle«i|Me  of  baaifiiei  to  rsxiariiecL  tratftler  Im  Jtimiiip  mmti  ■eiion»B,302/ 
l.l;of  greetiiiga  to     retiAnicd  traveler, 30iy  !T.2;of  travel  rue, 
17^  S.2. 

Bueineee, chief  nitlve  for   travel, 19, 293;   travel  0m^1^-24, 
C8ria,3Ddt  eignifieaiicii  of  ,iii  Plautua  Gurcuiia,6   ,IT.l. 
Carthag3,r«fereiiiMe  to   ,6iregiilAr  travel  bK4w©eii,anii  weateni  ilreeoe, 

3a4;Cartiiag\niitii  oostime  distinctive   ,297. 
Cata '  ■'  irat  eri  ^,,103, 
oeloX|303«u 
Cerci4nis,3C3, 

Cliildron,kidaapiMg  o/;eee  ]iia..aping.  ' 

CblBVjn^xaru  hj  aoiaier  said  liia  me^beiiger,   296. 

t 

Clstella,oi0t9llu«i,CMrribd  oy   bravel«r8,299. 

Congratiilatii.jA«i  ta  fmiiij^  oi  reiuiM«i  trc^velcr, 501^2  ^2, 
ConTe3raii«iie,laa4,iMirer  menacned  ae  used  ia  travel, K>«;fcr  travel  I^f 


GRANDCOMMANDERYOFNEWYOR 

UNITED   ORDER  OF    THE    GOLDEN 

Office   of   the   Grand   Commande 


CROSS 


NEW  YORK.   MAY    26.  1906. 


I " 


g  in   Boston,  Mass., 


To  ALL  MEMBERS,  GREETING  :— 

By  this  time  you  have  probably  received  a  cc  py  of  a  circular  letter 
issued  by  the  Supreme  Commandery,  U.  O.  G.  C,  relating  to  a  proposed  merger  or  union  of  the 
Order  known  as  the  Home  Circle  and  the  United  Order  of  the  Golden  Cross. 

You  will  see  by  this  cifcular  that  this  matter  is  to  be  settled  by  a  meetirj 
on  Thursday,  June  21,  1906.  At  this  meeting  each  holder  of  a  Benefit  Certificate  in  the  U.  O. 
G.  C.  is  entitled  to  be  present  and  to  vote  in  person.  But  the  fare  to  Bostoh  and  back  is  $10. 
Therefore  few  of  our  members  will  be  able  to  attend  in  person.  Under  these  circumstances  at  a 
meeting  of  the  Grand  Coipmandery  of  New  York,  held  May  25,  1906,  it  seemed  best  to 
make  arrangements  whereby  a  committee  of  representative  members  should  go  to  Boston,  to 
represent  all  the  members  of  the  Order  in  this  State,  and  to  take  such  a  stand  there  as  in  their  best 
judgment  shall  seem  to  be  for  the  real  interests  of  our  members.  If  you  will  fill  out  the  enclosed 
proxy  blank  and  sign  it,  and  have  some  other  person  sign  as  witness,  and  then  send  the  blank  to  the 
G.  K.  R.,  Mr.  J.  Bennington  Gill,  935  East  i68th  Street,  New  York  City,  this  committee  of  repre- 
sentative members  will  be  able  to  take  this  proxy  with  them  and  cast  your  vote  as  suggested  above. 

If  all  the  members  of  the  order  in  New  York  state  will  unite  in  filing    the    proxies    with    the 
G.  K.  R.,  AT  ONCE,  the  committee  will  be  in  position  to  make  its  influence  felt. 

THEREFORE  WITHOUT  DELAY  FILL  OUT  AND  SIGN  THE  ENCLOSED.  AND 
HAVE  ANOTHER  PERSON  SIGN  IT  AS  WITNESS  AND  FORWARD  TO  THE 
G.  K.  R.  All  proxies  must  be  in  by  June  2.     HENCE  THERE  IS  NO  TIME  TO  BE  LOST. 

Fraternally  yours  in  S.  S.  S., 

Attest, 

J.  BENNINGTON  GILL,  G.  K.  R. 

935  East  1 68th,  St.,  New  York  City. 


THOMAS  DA  VIES,  G.  C 


i3*   3^j4f- 
••a,©Mpi»,   mm  rollow»:   n-.TiSi    panerel   t   rm,305;H&T.t»  cercuruA 

?^^»5!M^®  GOiidiict&,303   ;ii&Tii!  Tmtrtiataria,   303; cat  pxrat aria. 303; 

€•1  ex,  303;  ft  '        * 

tjwreiirtii: ,  303 ;     lembus,  303 ;  rat  la ,  M35f^ 
CostiBBis  ©f  trav#lert:se«  lravel«r. 


Coetiiflwia  ia  JfoiuiaclBiii.  iipt  «<ir;rs#tt298. 


/. 


Ciurcull0,a«a«iBg  of  mmm  ^fjarim  i]i|S  l.^^^ 
Cyrtiiattyd,14, 

Ephe8ua,r«fer8nc««  t«,   7. 
fairs(a9roattts),2d  K.2. 

Par«sr«H«   jSeldoryiuiBiitioHe*  in  Plcutug  end  TsreTic«,301|iJ,2, 

VornifM  oostica«a  r«co=^nix«i  at  onco   ,2y8^H,l, 

PoreijTB  lO.  litary  aeripi««,eonduciTe  to  tratel  ,203  H,j5. 

Geography  of  Piautua  MKd  Terence   .rery  extensiT*   ,12;coTerg  all.  of  ?Io- 


-aadei  •»  iwrid,  12  ixxgfot  thrown  on, by  s3ato  n^m&e.lk  ]f.4,?,4  ?r. 


1  ,by  o'bjectB  of  corain«rco   ,1b  ST.ljin  general  *ccurato,i5-14;ac- 

fi-.!  fly 
cxiTuto  in  HayK  laid  at  Athen«,  13-14, 13  S.2;s.cr»jrat«     in  o  ajn 


A^ces  in  Italy  or  to  Rome  itne: 


l»B<HMens«  6«ogra|>hy  in  Plautus      ,12  IS.Z^kU.  F.2;Plauti»«,wiclor 
than  T«renc«'»   ,8  H.2,15,16  H.Si. 


/. 


Grootia.'TS  to  rotornifit  traroler , 901 , 
Heautnnt'.a!tu-oun'.enos,iaid  In  subiirbo  of   Athens, 4  F.i^ 

h08P6s,in  Plautdo  f-ad  lorenco   ,iBdiuato«  trarel  irom  beyond  ooaa  250- 

oo*i 


Inacciiraci  :.^  iii  Plaui 


/ 


googr^.pnj'iBoo  G«ography.         ' 
Italy ,plit:«»  i..,ia«ai.j.onea  oy  i':taut.tts,li-12,i3,i<>  i^.l.l*  i,.3^^ 
XlAiaplng,c  .jproouiofie  for, 269  K.x  iiro(iuenc||r  of  ,287/  S.i;of  chlldrwi- 


GRAND  COMMANDERY  OF  NEVy  YORK 

UNITED   ORDER  OF    THE    GOLDEN    CROSS 

Office   of   the   Grand   Commander 

NEW  YORK.  MAY  26.  1906. 


To  ALL  MEMBERS,  GREETING  :— 

By  this  time  you  have  probably  received  a  copy  of  a  circular  letter 
issued  by  the  Supreme  Commandery,  U.  O.  G.  C,  relating  to  a  proposed  merger  or  union  of  the 
Order  known  as  the  Home  Circle  and  the  United  Order  of  the  Golden  Cross. 

You  will  see  by  this  circular  that  this  matter  is  to  be  settled  by  a  meeting  in  Boston,  Mass., 
on  Thursday,  June  21,  1906.  At  this  meeting  each  holder  of  a  Benefit  Certificate  in  the  U.  O. 
G.  C.  is  entitled  to  he  present  and  to  vote  in  person.  But  the  fare  to  Boston  and  back  is  $10. 
Therefore  few  of  our  members  will  be  able  to  attend  in  person.  Under  these  circumstances,  at  a 
meeting  of  the  Grand  Commandery  of  New  York,  held  May  25,  1906,  it  seemed  best  to 
make  arrangements  whereby  a  committee  of  representative  members  should  go  to  Boston,  to 
represent  all  the  members  of  the  Order  in  this  State,  and  to  take  such  a  stand  there  as  in  their  best 
judgment  shall  seem  to  be  for  the  real  interests  of  our  members.  If  you  will  fill  out  the  enclosed 
proxy  blank  and  sign  it,  and  have  some  other  person  sign  as  witness,  and  then  send  the  blank  to  the 
G.  K.  R.,  Mr.  J.  Bennington  Gill,  93 5  East  i68th  Street,  New  York  City,  this  committee  of  repre- 
sentative members  will  be  able  to  take  this  proxy  with  them  and  cast  your  vote  as  suggested  above. 

If  all  the  members  of  the  order  in  New  Y;ork  state  will  unite  in  filing    the    proxies    with    the 
G.  K.  R.,  AT  ONCE,  the  committee  will  be  in  position  to  make  its  influence  felt. 

THEREFORE  WITHOUT  DELAY  FILL  OUT  AND  SIGN  THE  ENCLOSED,  AND 
HAVE  ANOTHER  PERSON  SIGN  IT  AS  WITNESS  AND  FORWARD  TO  THE 
G.  K.  R.  All  proxies  must  be  in  by  June  2.     HENCE  THERE  IS  NO  TIME  TO  BE  LOST. 

Fralernally  yours  in  S.  S.  S., 

Attest, 

J.  BENNINGTON  GILL,  G.  K.  R. 

935  East  1 68th,  St.,  New  York  City. 


THOMAS  DA  VIES,  G.  C. 


den*  without  cc  ij)unc*ion,2i«'^  lf./?;ucn«  'by  ordinary  eiti2«n(f  ),?.89   (in 
CurciJ.io);by  ■archant^feRPjiJ***  '^y  pirates, 283-   288, 


Xlcj-.ai.en  chiluran.playB  i^-^'lTlngjlaitl  away  frwa  Atj^»«,289  Tf.%  ij 

Cc>Tri«d  awgr  from  Ath«Pi«,i lid.; regularly  g:irl8,287  IT.lrconTertad 

int«  mftr«trio«»,ll)i«l.}tr9T«l»  »f, £.86- 289; sold  sine  aancupio   ,289  H.l; 

fr««2jr  "bvoi^t  tmd  r«o«1-<r«d  by  i^eople,289  F.l;l)Ou;?ht  by  lrno,289j-^ 


Ltt t er fc / ^ itain  A th«iiB , 292 / 1, 2   j 


t©  Athanfl  fr#m  l)eyciid  seas, -91^292 


Lots   ~.'.,i3Mr»  an.  eajit;!!  mg  trm'r«l|2&6  H.l. 


Mach&t'iUiiforn  fear  wldier  sjid  ^is  r.cs4#nger, 296,296  1.3. 
Mariv-piviipjtiyrria*  yy  trfvrelerfc,299,   300. 
M#?im^chai|,«€«tiJFi«r   in, not   correct, :''^8. 
Mtnanclfji-jplayft  of  Fl«iitufi  and  j'ire;icii  liaifing  to    LiTi©* of ,304. 

■•re  at  lira,   £1  II.2. 

M«rtator,cc«twit  a,t,af7. 

■•re  it  13,    fairs   ,23,    23  1.2. 

Meretrictfts,    traral  by,2M-2iJS,  i 

Miltc,   traveiji  '^fpZt/'-Z^V* 

ili  r W  t  !:i"u  €    of,  ;*96  . 
Mllltar?  :iv;i  irie0^cori4Ticivt>  to    vriiTSl,>i81. 

Miiles  ar  carrli';r«,30i;  IT. 3. 

^»vi«,   general  riimie  for  co?Tr,yc-m;f   ,;>C3iiiavi«  cercuriJijs^JOSjitaTie  cen- 

light  tr.r^.jl  Uiui«uai^l9,i9  K-1. 


362  14th  Street,  Brooklyn 


d86  Bast  168th  Street.  N.  Y. 


495  Rugby  Road,  Brooklyn 


GRAND  COMMANDERY  OF  NEW  YORK 

UNITED   ORDER  OF    THE    GOLDEN    CROSS 

Office   of   the   Grand   Commander 

NEW  YORK.  MAY  26,  1906. 


Tp  ALL  MEMBERS,  GREETING:— 

By  this  time  you  have  probably  received  a  copy  of  a  circular  letter 
issued  bf  tlic  Supreme  Commandery,  U.  O.  G.  C,  relating  to  a  proposed  merger  or  union  of  the 
Order  known  as  the  Home  Circle  and  the  United  Order  of  the  Golden  Cross. 

You  will  see  by  this  circular  that  this  matter  is  to  be  settled  by  a  meeting  in  Boston,  Mass., 
on  Thursday,  June  21,  1906.  At  this  meeting  each  holder  of  a  Benefit  Certificate  in  the  U.  O. 
G.  C.  is  entitled  to  be  present  and  to  vote  in  person.  But  the  ftre  to  Boston  and  back  is  $10. 
Therefore  few  of  our  members  will  be  able  to  attend  in  person.  Under  these  circumstances,  at  a 
meeting  of  the  Grand  Commandery  of  New  York,  held.  May  25,  1906,  it  seemed  best  to 
make  arrangements  whereby  a  committee  of  representative  members  should  go  to  Boston,  to 
represent  all  the  members  of  the  Order  in  this  State,  and  to  take  such  a  stand  there  as  in  their  best 
judgment  shall  seem  to  be  for  the  real  interests  of  our  members.  If  you  will  fill  out  the  enclosed 
proxy  blank  pid  sign  it,  and  have  some  other  person  sign  as  witness,  and  then  send  the  blank  to  the 
G.  K.  R.,  Mr.  J.  Bennington  Gill,  935  East  i68th  Street,  New  York  City,  this  committee  of  repre- 
sentative members  will  be  able  to  take  this  proxy  with  them  and  cast  your  vote  as  suggested  above. 

If  all  the  members  of  the  order  in  New  York  state  will  unite  in  tiling  the  proxies  with  the 
G.  K.  R.,  AT  ONCE,  the  committee  will  be  in  position  to  make  its  influence  felt. 

THEREFORE  WITHOUT  DELAY  FILL  OUT  AND  SIGN  THE  ENCLOSED,  AND 
HAVE  ANOTHER  PERSON  SIGN  IT  AS  WITNESS  AND  FORWARD  TO  THE 
G.  K.  R.  All  proxies  must  be  in  by  June  2.     HENCE  THERE  IS  NO  TIME  TO  BE  LOST. 


Fraternally  yours  in  S.  S.  S., 

Attest. 

J.  BENNINGTON  GILL,  G.  K.  R. 

935  East  1 68th,  St.,  New  York  City. 


THOMAS  DAVIES,  G.  C 


"  rxautua  and  Tereno©  throw  light  on 
travel, 16  ¥.1, 

^'''nat«»  thalas8ieu8,297. 

Pallium,  worn  Iqr  traT»lar8,296. 

Pedi..^.^,«„,p^  ^  -ner3,298;g.nera  ly  two.lMci.;so..ti..« 

oaly  •»#,  298  ^,2. 

PT.grlnu.  »ot  per  ..  «gg„tlTe  of  .0Te:.e„t  fro«  a  di8tanca,291 

S.3.  |«i.tama  of,  raoognljj  bio  at  onco,  ^a^Tf,  (, 
^tasu»,w>ni  Ijgr  traT0ler,296,296. 
Piracy  wamn  la  M«nad»er*s  timo,286J  H.l. 
Plraoua,  reforences  to,  9, 
Pirates  In  loaguo  wltk  proaumably  honest  folk, 286.  u.i. 

Placoa  nanod  In  PlautUB  nd  Terence  ei«,TM.+- 

in  Africa,  6-6; in  A.ia.6-8-in  ^rA«f^^^  **.^*'"*'''^  li»*.  5-12: 
Phy,8-I0;i„  EiropeVSiJi„jA^%?^°;«'^«l  «einc  to  Greek  geogra- 

11-12.13,13  S.i,f4'H.£?"fi;«ff*;gJ^S«°g'-aPhy.ll-12;in^It^. 

Plautua  generally  iT,dir.n+-.     «* 

hie  playa  laid  a*   a+  *  !!  -*  ®'  ^"  Plays, 2-3. 3  n  i  4-15.19  «* 

-rf2->-  rf       -  °  ^*  Athena,   2-3.ei<rht  iii>«^rj^r     !^_*'-*^»*  °il2  of 

ijder  than  Terence*.   ^St  x    /i     Sd  li!!^"*'f:?i«' '^'•^  hy  o^. 
S"/«°eraphy  ,14  I^.l  incoVuDuTreJ^^nJirh'ti^iT^'''  ^^ 
Home, 13  N.ljnonsenso  geography  1^     19  5  ^  ,  "»*®  ^*^^  ^^ 
general  after  all  accurate, iSli^irH. 2.  3;goography  of ,in 

'''T;;S1?:",S!s!^°*  ^^«^*  <»»  traT.l,2;laid  at  Athen..   2-3;lald 

Fortitoroa, ships  report  to. 294: due.  n«iii  +«  *v<^ 

'   *,<iue.  paid  to,il,id.;axairilne  ships, 

iDld.;lnspect  let lers, ibid. 
Portoriu^aa,  to  portitora«,294. 

Praenaato.refere  ces  to, 11. 
Purpose  of  the  paper,  l* 

Kate  of  traral.-soe  Traral. 
Satl«,303. 


«  ,M  throwing  la  h»  on  trarti., 


290. 


aas  14th  street,  Brooklyn 


986  East  168th  Street,  N.  Y. 


495  Rugby  Road,  Brooklyn 


GRANDCOMMANDERYOFNEWYORK 

UNITED   ORDER  OF    THE    GOLDEN    CROSS 

m 

Office   of   the   Grand    Commander 

NEW  YORK,  MAY  26,  1906. 


To  ALL  MEMBERS,  GREETING:- 

By  this  time  you  have  probably  received  a  copy  of  a  circular  letter 
issued  by  the  Supreme  Commandery,  U.  O.  G.  C,  relating  to  a  proposed  merger  or  union  of  the 
Order  known  as  the  Home  Circle  and  the  United  Order  of  the  Golden  Cross. 

You  will  see  by  this  circular  that  this  matter  is  to  be  settled  by  a  meeting  in  Boston,  Mass., 
on  Thursday,  Jwne  21,  1906.     At  this  meeting  each  holder  of  a  Benefit  Certificate  in  the  U.  O. 
G.  C.  is  entitled  to  be  present  and  to  vote  in  person.     But   the   fare    to    Boston   and   back  is  |io. 
Therefore  few  of  our  members  will  be  able  to  attend  in  person.      Under  these  circumstances,  at  a 
meeting   of  the  Grand    Commandery    of  New   York,    held    May   25,  1 906,    it  •  seemed    best   to 
make   arrangements   whereby   a   committee  of  representative  members  should  go    to    Boston,  to 
represent  all  the  members  of  the  Order  in  this  State,  and  to  take  such  a  stand  there  as  in  their  best 
judgment  shall  seem  to  be  for  the  real  interests  of  our  members.     If  you  will  fill   out  the   enclosed 
proxy  blank  and  sign  it,  and  have  some  other  person  sign  as  witness,  and  then  send  the  blank  to  the 
G.  K.  R.,  Mr.  J.  Bennington  Gill,  935  East  i6Bth  Street,  New  York  City,  this  committee  of  repre- 
sentative-members will  be  able  to  take  this  proxy  with  them  and  cast  your  vote  as  suggested  above. 

Ifair  the  members  ofthe  order  in  New  York  state  will  unite  in  filing   the   proxies   with    the 
G.  K.  R.,  AT  ONCE,  the  committee  will  be  in  position  to  make  its  influence  felt. 

THEREFORE  WITHOUT  DELAY  FILL  OUT  AND  SIGN  THE  ENCLOSED,  AND 
HAVE  ANOTHER  PERSON  SIGN  IT  AS  WITNESS  AND  FORWARD  TO  THE 
G.  K.  R.  All  proxies  must  be  in  by  June  2.     HENCE  THERE  IS  NO  TIME  TO  BE  LOST. 

Fraternally  yours  in  S.  S.  S., 
Attest, 

J.  BENNINGTON  GILL,  G.  K.  R. 

935  East  1 68th,  St.,  New  York  City. 


THOMAS  DA  VIES,  G.  C. 


h 


iKfV 


Hcm©,plac#B  lH,mmtit»M  by  Plautu8,ll-12,14  F.l. 

loutes  mt  traT«l:fi«e^TraTel. 

BuSySlgni  immmm  #£116,18  S«2|coTer«  Siaiiiiim,16;coTer»  Rhainnus  18  ir,2. 

SmwUtwm  ly  rsturnet  ^valer,300;by  kinsman  of  such  traveler. 301 

*^i!!i?t^!!!{!!''^^^  H.2.Ships  uatd  in  travel, 302-303;naTer  described, 
Snirf!  ^.      ^^  •  emPionly  in  own, 303;  so  ©times  hired  or  chartered 

?i!?^!riAl  '^^•^^^^^  ^i^««  passage  in,303iin  harbor, boarded  by 

1 embus, 303,  '        ^ 

Sicilia,  references  to,10» 

SlaTe  namei,  as  ethnic  in  origin, throw  light  m 

Slaves,  run  sway  ^travels  of  ,29o. 

Stolen  children: see  latnaping.  Kidnaped  Children. 

fmbemaet travelers  istop  1^295,296  1S^2^Z. 

Tar eatuia, references  to, 10, 


tr  vel,12  H.4,24  IT,1. 


ler 


•a««,play«  of, all  laid  at  Athena -2  does  not  troul^le  iruch  to  indl. 

t?«i%*i  1   •^  plays, 3-4,4  H.l.irV&iiB  matter  following  Greek  prao. 
mTi     ^'^ie«ocraphy  of ,re«tricted  and  ^reek.S  N. 2.13; thinks  of 
Athens  M  only  possible  site  for  a  play,   4  H.ll    ''^'''^^^^  ®^ 


Thanksgiving  Tay  retvimed  traTelers,aoo-  301. 

fhncydldea  ii.l3  2  ii  I4,ii.l5,l,2  cited  to  ill^ats  trar.l  between 
^own  and  rus,  18-19,  /v 

Tomrim^  spirit,  hints  of, 293  S.l. 


xradlns  trips  |last  two  years jdieoussion  of  the  point, 22  N.l. 

Travel  dis  u  ssd  Irelongs  to  tliae  of  5fenj®i-er,etc.,l,12,ii>«/ 
q,         _  references^o    ,  ' 

Travel  motives  for.  19, 293; by  land^o»triot«d*to  travel  between     city 
?89-^  ;ii^«r5  Portu8,16;b/l  nd,16-19;beyoTf7a  so   8,19-24,281- 
^Q   '^?  *?*  ^^^  regarded  as  a  pleasure, 293  ylT.zfby  nirht  unusual 
19;chiefly  for  business,  19, 293; for  pl4af.iu4 . 292  B  1     bv  w^       ' 
naped  children  and  their  kin, 286-  289: by  legati  publice  mlaai 
283^y  .eretrioes,  f84-285;by'mile8,28i-28i;brru^aw  Jl^«!L« 
290^n  connection  with  war,    281-284;rate  of  ,16  5.1.304  i. 4- roSc 
of  304;northward,Athens  to  Bl^ck  Sea.seldoa  nentijAed  ibid*^     ^ 
SSl!*?l!3^** '   ^*^!"!  *•  MLlAs    ,Ephe8US,304,8outWd'to  Crito. 
SSJJJ'  TO4   '    ^*   °*'****'^*''°*'^***»'*»  cirthago  and  Western 

sia;.*29r5!J:?;^JS  J?  S95^!Sa^^5!^;**J*f*^f^?i*^*"^*»^ 

29rar  m^ylltiZ  oSS^J^  it         29a:of  Carthaginian,  distinctive, 
^7, Of  ■ero«tor,297  of  miles  and  his  mossonger.296:om«tns  tha- 
la,siottS,297ipalliuBi  ,t«>rn  by  ,296;psts»»-^ti  v-'-?^*".™. 


"i. 
> 


302  Uth  Street,  Brooklyn 


986  East  168th  Street.  N.  Y. 


496  Rugby  Road,  Brooklyn 


GRAND  COMMANDERY  OF  NEW  YORK 

UNITED   ORDER  OF    THE    GOLDEN    (5rOSS 

Office   of   the   Grand    Commander 

NEW  YORK,   MAY  26,  1906. 


To  ALL  MEMBERS,  GREETING  :- 

By  this  time  you  have  probably  received  a  copy  of  a  circular  letter 
issued  by  the  Supreme  Commandery,  U.  O.  G.  C,  relating  to  a  proposed  merger  or  union  of  the 
Order  known  as  the  Home  Circle  and  the  United  Order  of  the  Golden  Cross. 

Yon  will  see  by  this  circular  that  this  matter  is  to  be  settled  by  a  meeting  in  Boston,  Mass. 
on  Thursday,  June  21,  1906.  At  this  meeting  each  holder  of  a  Benefit  Certificate  in  the  U.  O. 
G.  C.  is  entitled  to  be  present  and  to  vote  in  person.  But  the  fare  to  Boston  and  back  is  |io. 
Therefore  few  of  our  members  will  be  able  to  attend  in  person.  Under  these  circumstances,  at  a 
meeting  of  tic  Grand  Commandery  of  New  York,  held  May  25,  1906,  it  seemed  best  to 
make  arrangements  whereby  a  committee  of  representative  members  should  go  to  Boston,  to 
represent  all  the  members  of  the  Order  in  this  State,  and  to  take  such  a  stand  there  as  in  their  best 
judgment  shall  seem  to  be  for  the  real  interests  of  our  members.  If  you  will  fill  out  the  enclosed 
proxy  blank  and  sign  it,  and  have  some  other  person  sign  as  witness,  and  then  send  the  blank  to  the 
G.  K.  R.,  Mr.  J.  Bennington  Gill,  935  East  i68th  Street,  New  York  City,  this  committee  of  repre- 
sentative mcmbeti  wil  be  able  to  take  this  proxy  with  them  and  cast  your  vote  as  suggested  above. 

If  all  the  members  of  the  order  in  New  York  state  will  unite  in  filing   the   proxies   with    the 
G.  K.  R.,  AT  ONCE,  the  committee  will  be  in  position  to  make  its  influence  felt. 

THEREFORE  WITHOUT  DELAY  FILL  OUT  AND  SIGN  THE  ENCLOSED,  AND 
HAVE  ANOTHER  PERSON  SIGN  IT  AS  WITNESS  AND  FORWARD  TO  THE 
G.  K.  R.  All  ptmm  must  be  in  by  June  2.     HENCE  THERE  IS  NO  TIME  TO  BE  LOST 

Fraternally  yours  in  S.  S.  S., 

Attest, 

J.  BENNINGTON  GILL,  G.  K.  R. 

935  East  i68th,  St.,  New  York  City. 


THOMAS  DA  VIES,  G.  C. 


\ 


i 


hfYh^^i 


"^M^ 


Qt 


^aM  \^ 


^)r^ 


(k. 


•lgn,r0oogiiiz  M«     at  ©net,  298  ^.1, 
Tiiiiioa|tiiBio^iila,woni  by  tr  Tal«rs,296. 
Vldiilu8,carri#il  Ijy  trailers, 299. 

¥i»wa  paid  by  rat  rued  tra¥«ler,300. 
War  traTal, 281-284, 

Wastorn  route, to   Sicily  and  Italy  , of tan  roforrad  to, 304. 
Women, travdiing  co«tna©  of, 297-  298. 
2aiia,w3rn  by  traTelers,    296, 


n^'t'^ 


I 


A 


)/**"J/ 


I 


GRAND  COMMANDERY  OF  NEW  YORK 

UNITED   ORDER  OF    THE    GOLDEN 

Office   of   the   Grand   Commander 


^ 


OSS 


NEW  YORK.   MAY  26.  1906. 


To  ALL  MEMBERS,  GREETING : 


By  this  time  you  have  probably  received  a  copy  of  a  circular  letter 
issued  by  the  Supreme  Commandery,  U.  O.  G.  C,  relating  to  a  proposed  merger  or  union  of  the 
Order  known  as  the  Home  Circle  and  the  United  Order  of  the  Golden  Cross. 

You  will  see  by  this  circular  that  this  matter  is  to  be  settled  by  a  meeting  in  Boston,  Mass., 
on  Thinidiy,  Jeae  21,  1906.  At  ihis  meeting  each  holder  of  a  Benefit  Certificate  in  the  U.  O. 
G.  C.  is  entitled  to  be  present  and  to  vote  in  person.  But  the  fare  to  Boston  and  back  is  |io. 
Therefore  few  of  our  members  will  be  able  to  attend  in  person.  Under  these  circumstances,  at  a 
meeting  rf  the  Grand  Commandery  of  New  York,  held  May  25,  1906,  it  seemed  best  to 
make  arrangements  whereby  a  committee  of  representative  members  should  go  to  Boston,  to 
represent  all  tb^  members  of  the  Order  ii|  this  State,  and  to  take  such  a  stand  there  as  in  their  best 
judgment  shall  seem  to  be  for  tie  real  interests  of  our  members.  If  you  will  fill  out  the  enclosed 
proxy  blank  and  sign  it,  and  have  some  other  person  sign  as  witness,  and  then  send  the  blank  to  the 
G.  K.  R.,  Mr.  J.  Bennington  Gill,  935  East  i68th  Street,  New  York  City,  this  committee  of  repre- 
sentative members  will  be  able  to  take  this  proxy  with  them  and  cast  your  vote  as  suggested  above. 

If  all  the  members  of  the  order  in  New  York  state  will  unite  in  filing   the   proxies   with    the 
G.  K.  R.,  AT  ONCE,  the  committee  will  be  in  position  to  make  its  influence  felt. 

THEREFORE  WITHOUT  DELAY  FILL  OUT  AND  SIGN   THE  ENCLOSED,  AND 
HAVE  ANOTHER   PERSON    SIGN    IT    AS    WITNESS   AND   FORWARD   TO   THE 

G.  K.  R.  All  proxies  must  be  in  by  June  2.      HENCE  THERE  IS  NO  TIME  TO  BE  LOST. 

Fraternally  yours  in  S.  S.  S., 

Attest, 

J.  BENNINGTON  GILL,  G.  K.  R. 

935  East  1 68th,  St.,  New  York  City. 


THOMAS  DA  VIES,  G.  C 


